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Clinical Pod Med exam #1
first clinical pod med exam
101
Medical
Professional
02/08/2013

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Term
single most important aspect of the exam
Definition
the history
Term
"Don't cal(l)" acronym for Hx of chief complaint
Definition
D - duration
O - onset
N - nature of pain/injury
T - treatment done by pt
C - course
A - aggravating factors
L - location
Term
important question for PSHX
Definition
anesthetic problems?
Term
associated with a wide pulse pressure (>60 mm Hg)
Definition
bounding pulses
Term
causes for delay in subpapillary venous plexus filling time (SVPFT)
Definition
vasospasm or structural change
Term
systemic diseases causing pitting edema
Definition
CHF - protein rich edema
Term
systemic diseases causing non-pitting edema
Definition
liver and kidney problems - lack of protein in exudate
Term
non-palpable lesion, less than .5 cm
Definition
macule
Term
non-palpable lesion, greater than .5 cm
Definition
patch
Term
palpable, solid lesion, less than .5 cm
Definition
papule
Term
palpable, solid lesion, .5 to 1 cm
Definition
nodule
Term
palpable, solid lesion, greater than 1 cm
Definition
tumor
Term
palpable, solid lesion, greater than .5 cm with a flat elevated surface formed by coalescence of papules
Definition
plaque
Term
clear, fluid filled lesion, less than .5 cm
Definition
vesicle
Term
clear, fluid filled lesion, greater than .5 cm
Definition
bulla
Term
cloudy, pus filled lesion, less than .5 cm
Definition
pustule
Term
cloudy, pus filled lesion, greater than .5 cm
Definition
abscess
Term
erosion, crust, scale, fissure, ulcer, lichenification, atrophy, excoriation, scar, keloid
Definition
secondary lesions
Term
two courses for sensory impulses after entry into the dorsal spinal cord
Definition
posterior column or lateral spinothalamic tract
Term
small fiber tract
C-fibers and A-delta fibers
sharp and dull pain (nociceptive), temperature and crude touch
burning and cramping
Definition
spinothalamic tract
Term
large fiber tract
A-alpha fibers
position, vibration and fine touch
pins and needles and electric shock
Definition
posterior column
Term
abnormal SW monofilament test
Definition
inability to detect pressure in more than 3 areas
Term
vibration testing
Definition
128 cycle/sec tuning fork over the IPJ of the hallux
loss of vibration in <10 seconds is abnormal
Term
objective measures of sensory nerve function
Definition
tendon reflexes
Term
Knee reflex
Definition
L 2, 3, 4
Term
Ankle reflex
Definition
S 1, 2
Term
Jendressic
Definition
a technique involving isometric contraction of other muscles that may increase reflex activity
Term
Deep reflexes are dependent upon....
Definition
an intact sensory nerve
a functional synapse in the spinal cord
an intact motor nerve fiber
a neuromuscular junction
a competent muscle
Term
4/4 deep reflex
Definition
indicates upper motor neuron disease
Term
0/4 deep reflex
Definition
lower motor neuron disease
peripheral neuropathy
Term
discriminative sensation
Definition
may be impaired in lesions of the sensory cortex or posterior column
Term
may reveal early loss in the feet
Definition
changes in the extensor digitorum brevis
Term
occurs in more severe neuropathies
Definition
ankle dorsiflexion weakness
Term
evident in only the most severe cases of neuropathy
Definition
ankle plantarflexion weakness
Term
patient is able to stand on tiptoes but not on heels
Definition
suggest peripheral neuropathy
Term
patient is able to stand on heels but not on tiptoes
Definition
suggests spinal lesion
Term
geared towards an orthopedic physical examination
Definition
pediatric history
Term
important question for prenatal Hx
Definition
was the mother aware of fetal movements beginning in the 4th month of pregnancy
Term
desirable APGAR score
Definition
>7
Term
hand preference before the age of 2
Definition
could signify a neuromuscular problem
Term
developmental landmarks
Definition
lift head - 3 months
control head position while sitting - 6 months
crawls - 6 months
pulls self to stand - 9 months
walks - 14 months
ascends stairs with 2 hand support - 18 months
run forward - 2 years
pedal tricycle - 3 years
balance or hop on one foot - 4 years
heel-toe walk - 5 years
skip one foot at a time - 6 years
Term
Progress note
Definition
used for return visits for established patients
Term
order for a specific med for a specific pt at a particular time
Definition
a prescription
Term
Composition of the prescription order (SISSY)
Definition
S - superscription
I - inscription
S - subscription
S - signa
Y - your signature
Term
Signa
Definition
directions to the patient
Term
may be renewed not more than 5 times within six months
Definition
schedule III or IV drugs
Term
may not be renewed
Definition
schedule II drugs
Term
high potential for abuse with no currently accepted medical use in the U.S.
not available with a prescription
may be obtained for research
Definition
schedule I drugs
Term
high abuse potential with severe psychological or physical dependence
opioids, amphetamines, sedatives, codeine, sulfate, codeine, phosphate, oxycodone Hcl, Ritalin, Amytal, Nembutal
Definition
schedule II drugs
Term
Less potential for abuse
low or moderate physical dependence or high pychological dependence
Tylenol w/codeine, cough medicines containing hydrocodone, anabolic steroids
Definition
schedule III drugs
Term
limited physical or psychological dependence
valium
Definition
schedule IV drugs
Term
potential for abuse is low
codeine-containing cough mixtures
some may be dispensed without a prescription
Definition
schedule V drugs
Term
drugs for which the prescriber must provide a written prescription to the pharmacist
Definition
schedule II drugs
Term
most common drugs implicated in adverse events
Definition
amoxicillin
aspirin
bactrim
vicodin
ibuprofen
acetaminophen
cephalexin
penicillin
Term
most commonly mishandled drugs leading to errors by physicians
Definition
morphine
vancomycin
cefazolin
acetaminophen
Term
2 most common lab tests
Definition
CBC (lavender topped)
metabolic profile (red topped)
Term
Comprehensive metabolic panel
Definition
basic metabolic profile, plus liver profile
Term
Sodium
Definition
increased - dehydration, renal failure, cardiac failure
decreased- vomiting, diarrhea
Term
potassium
Definition
3.5-5.0 meq/L
decreased - increased renal excretion
low values can trigger arrhythmias
Term
BUN
Definition
9-24 mg/dL
increased - renal failure, dehydration
Term
creatinine
Definition
0.7-1.4 mg/dL
increased - renal failure
Term
glucose
Definition
fasting < 110 mg/dL
Term
calcium
Definition
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
increased - primary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, bony metastases
Term
alkaline phosphatase
Definition
increased - under 20 years of age, increased bone production (Paget's disease, healing fractures, osteoblastic bone tumors or mets, hyperparathyroidism)
Term
ALT
Definition
produced only by the liver
increased - hepatocellular damage
Term
AST
Definition
produced in liver, cardiac and smooth muscle, kidney, brain, pancreas, lung, WBC, RBC
increased - hepatocellular damage
Term
ALT and AST levels twice the baseline
Definition
ALT and AST levels that cause concern
Term
total bilirubin
Definition
increased - hemolytic anemias, Gilbert's disease
Term
Albumin
Definition
3.5-5.0 gm/dL
sometimes used along with total lymphocyte count as predictors of healing in diabetics
chances of healing increase if levels are greater than 3.0
Term
Glucose + in chemical urinalysis
Definition
when serum level exceeds 1700 mg/dL
Term
chemical urinalysis
Definition
blood- negative
nitrite - negative (suggests bacterial action)
leukocyte alkaline esterase - detects PMNs
Term
microscopic urinalysis
Definition
RBCs : 1-2/hpf
WBCs : > 10/mm^3 suggests UTI
Term
Lamisil
Definition
increases ALT and AST
Term
increased alk phos
Definition
cholestatic disease
augmentin, oral hypoglycemics, EES
Term
ESR (sed rate)
Definition
divide male age by 2
divide female age _ 10 years by 2
increased - infection, inflamation
>70 in presence of infection is suggestive of osteomyelitis
highest levels seen in PMR
Term
C-Reactive protein
Definition
<0.8 mg/dL
increased - infection, inflammation, cardiac marker
>3.2 with an ulcer >3.0 mm in depth suggests osteomyelitis
unlike ESR (sed rate) it increases rapidly
Term
Rheumatoid factor
Definition
>80 IU strongly suggests active RA
Term
ANA
Definition
5% of healthy persons have a positive test result - positive predictive screening value of 1%
negative test excludes Dx of SLE
can be positive in rheumatic diseases
Term
titer at which ANA is believed to show clinical significance
Definition
>1:80
Term
uric acid
Definition
goal is <6/4 mg
increased - gout, renal failure, leukemias, lymphomas, metastatic CA, thiazides, salicylates
Term
CPK (creatine phosphokinase
Definition
increased - skeletal muscle, exercise, IM injections
Term
aldolase
Definition
increased in skeletal muscle disease
Term
PT
Definition
13 seconds, INR 1.0
used to monito coumadin therapy (usually an INR of 1.5-2.0)
Term
PTT
Definition
27-35 seconds
used to monitor heparin therapy (usually at 60-90 seconds)
Term
most requested tests for podiatrists
Definition
crystals and culture
Term
HbA1c
Definition
measures long-term control (90 days) of blood glucose
<7.0
Term
blood glucose equation
Definition
blood glucose = (33.3 x HbA1c) - 86
Term
slide test with KOH (10-20%)
Definition
identifies dermatophytes on skin or nail scraping
Term
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
Definition
poorly understood, chronic inflammatory neuropathic pain disorder
Term
CRPS etiology
Definition
usually occurs after trauma
Term
CRPS I
Definition
may develop after trauma without definable nerve damage
most common form
"reflex sympathetic dystrophy"
Term
CRPS II
Definition
"Causalgia"
same presentation but there is identifiable nerve injury (nerve injury is not complete)
Term
CRPS-NOS
Definition
new category for patients with <3 symptoms or <2 sign categories whose SSx best explained by CRPS
Term
CRPS clinical findings
Definition
pain out of proportion
allodynia and hyperesthesia
pain doesn't follow dermatome and can spread beyond area of injury
pain described as severe and burning, throbbing or aching
Term
CRPS stage I - acute
Definition
skin warm, red and dry, then may become blue and cold
may have hyperhydrosis
edema
severe pain with allodynia and hyperalgesia
Term
CRPS stage II - dystrophic
Definition
pain becomes more severe and diffuse
edema becomes more hardened and limb can appear brawny
hair and nail changes (brittle)
X-ray changes
muscle wasting begins
Term
CRPS stage III - atrophic
Definition
pain may start decreasing but motor and trophic changes increase
tissue wasting occurs and can become permanent
Term
diagnostic sympathetic ganglion block
Definition
useful for purely sympathetically mediated disease
Term
#1 treatment for CRPS
Definition
Physical therapy
Term
1st line, short term treatment for CRPS
Definition
corticosteroids (not recommended for use over 1 month)
Term
Nerve release surgery
Definition
for CRPS II
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