Term
| What is the pathophysiology of GERD? |
|
Definition
| Relaxation of gastroesophageal sphincter allowing reflux of gastric acid and pepsin into the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs/symptoms of GERD? |
|
Definition
Dysphagia
Heart Burn
Increased Salivation
Belching
Pain radiating to jaw, neck, or back |
|
|
Term
| How can sphincter tone be improved (in GERD)? |
|
Definition
•Lose weight if necessary
•Stop smoking
•Determine if medicine may be the cause
•Remain upright after eating
•Wear loose-fitting clothes
•Sleep with head slightly elevated |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to control GERD? |
|
Definition
It can lead to Barret's Esophagus (Normal squamous cell epithelium of lower esophagus are changed to metaplastic columnar cell epithelium)
and Esophageal adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What foods should be avoided to control GERD? |
|
Definition
Foods that impare sphincter pressure:Foods high in fat, chocolate, spearmint, peppermint, alcohol & caffeine
Food that increase stomach acidity: Red & black pepper, coffee (caf. & decaf.), alcohol
•Avoid large meals – consume smaller, more frequent meals instead |
|
|
Term
| Which supplements may be necessary in patients with GERD? |
|
Definition
| •Long-term use of GERD meds can lead to calcium, iron & B12 deficiencies; so supplement these. |
|
|
Term
| How is GERD treated in infants? |
|
Definition
Usually resolves within a year
If due to allergy, remove allergen (may be in milk)
Feed elevated and keep elevated 30 min. after feeding. |
|
|
Term
| What do you do if a patient presents with dysphagia? |
|
Definition
| Refer to apporopriate provider accourding to clinical presentation |
|
|
Term
| What are some clear liquids & bland foods? |
|
Definition
Clear liquids
•Water
•Apple juice
•Sports drink
•Tea
•Lemonade
•Chicken broth
Bland foods
•Dry toast
•Crackers
•Pretzels
•Potato
•Yogurt
•Sherbet
•Baked chicken |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs/symptoms of gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Belching, weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting & bleeding if severe |
|
|
Term
| What causes most peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
| H. pylori infection causes 70% of all gastric & 92% of all duodenal ulcers |
|
|
Term
| How are peptic ulcers treated? |
|
Definition
Peptic ulcer + H. pylori infection
7-14 days of 2 antibiotics
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
Peptic ulcer - H. pylori infection
Antacids
PPI
Histamine blockers
Mucosal protectors |
|
|
Term
| What is the nutrition therapy for peptic ulcers? |
|
Definition
Avoid foods that increase stomach acidity (pepper, coffee, alcohol, caffeine)
Avoid large meals (smaller, more frequent)Supplement Ca, Fe, B12 |
|
|
Term
| What is dumping syndrome? |
|
Definition
•Food enters SI too fast, forcing fluid to be drawn into SI to dilute it
•Causes nausea, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea
•Early dumping = 10-20 min after eating
•Intermediate dumping = 20-30 min after eating
•Late dumping = 1-3 hr after eating |
|
|
Term
| Which supplements are indicated in bariatric surgery? |
|
Definition
Most common deficiencies:
•vitamins B12, A, C, D, K, thiamin, folate, iron, selenium, copper, zinc & calcium
Take multivitamin/multimineral & supplements of:
•Vitamin B12, iron, calcium, fat-soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
| How often should nutrition levels be monitored in patients with geriatric surgery? |
|
Definition
| Nutrient levels should be monitored every 3 months |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of diarhea? |
|
Definition
Increased number of BM & decreased consistency of stools
Abdominal discomfort, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, weight loss
Blood may be present |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatment protocols for acute, osmotic & secretory diarrhea? |
|
Definition
Acute
Rest
Fluids
Osmotic
Avoid foods that cause (fatty foods, sorbitol)
Supplemental enzymes may be necessary Secretory
Treat underlying cause
Antibiotics
Remove & treat tumor |
|
|
Term
| What are some nutrition interventions for diarhea? |
|
Definition
Restore fluid/electrolyte balance
Try Pedialyte or Gatorade
Decrease GI motility
Avoid foods/beverages high in simple sugars, sugar alcohols, caffeine & alcohol
Thicken stools
Add soluble fiber
BRAT – bananas, rice, applesauce, toast Repopulate flora of LI
Probiotics & prebiotics |
|
|
Term
| What does BRAT stand for? |
|
Definition
BRAT – bananas, rice, applesauce, toast
diet for thickening stools when someone has diarhea |
|
|
Term
| How is constipation defined? |
|
Definition
1. Average 1 or less bowel movements (BM)/week for at least 12 months.
OR
2. Have at least 2 of the following for 12 weeks in the last year:
2 or less BM/week
Straining during at least 25% of BM
Hard stools during at least 25% of BM
Sensation that not all fecal material is eliminated during at least 25% of BM |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common nutritional diagnoses that accompany constipation? |
|
Definition
Nutrition Diagnosis
•Inadequate fiber intake
•Inadequate food/beverage intake
•Altered GI function
•Undesirable food choices |
|
|
Term
| What nutrition interventions would you recommend for constipation? |
|
Definition
Recommended fiber intake = 10-13g/1000 Cal
Adult RDA = 25-35 g/d
Children RDA = age + 5g fiber/d
Slowly add 1-2 high-fiber foods/d
Increase fluid intake to 8-10 cups/d
Probiotics & prebiotics may also be beneficial |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of fat malabsorption? |
|
Definition
| •Malnutrition •Altered GI function •Impaired nutrient utilization •Involuntary weight loss Symptoms •Abdominal pain •Cramping •Diarrhea •Stools are frothy, foul-smelling & greasy in appearance |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of fat malabsorption? |
|
Definition
Steatorrhea
Inadequate pancreatic enzymes
Impaired bile release
Abnormal motility |
|
|
Term
| What nutritional intervention would be recommended for fat malabsorption? |
|
Definition
Restrict fat to 25-50g/d
Medium chain triglyceride supplements may be used to increase energy (C8 and C10 FA)
Supplement with pancreatic enzymes if necessary |
|
|
Term
| What is not digested/absorbed in carb malabsorption? |
|
Definition
Lactose intolerance
•Inadequate lactase
•Lactose is fermented in LI to SCFA & GAS |
|
|
Term
| How is it carb malabsorption treated? |
|
Definition
| Lactose-free diet or supplement with lactase enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What compound causes an inflammatory response in Celiac disease? |
|
Definition
| prolamins (alcohol-soluble part of protein found in wheat, rye, malt, barley & oats) damaging SI |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of celiac disease? |
|
Definition
•Genetic
•HLA-DQ2 & HLA-DQ8 present in 95% of CD patients
•Autoimmune
•Intestinal damage causes antibody production
•Environmental
•Introduction of gluten too early
•Less time breastfed
•Viral infection in infancy |
|
|
Term
| When should gluten-containing foods be introduced to infants? |
|
Definition
| After 3 months, before 7 months |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of CD? |
|
Definition
Diarrhea
•Abdominal cramping
•Bloating & gas
•Bone & joint pain
•Muscle cramps
•Fatigue
•Peripheral neuropathy
•Seizures
•Dermatitis herpetiformis
•Mouth ulcerations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•GOLD STANDARD = SI biopsy
•More common
•Anti-tissue translutaminase (anti-tTG) antibody
•Sensitivity = 90-96%
•Specificity = 95-97%
•Endomysial IgA (EmA) antibody
•Sensitivity = <90%
•Specifity = 100% |
|
|
Term
| What nutrition intervention is performed following diagnosis of CD? |
|
Definition
Initially
•Gluten-free, lactose-free diet |
|
|
Term
| What dietary measures are changed after 1-2 months following a CD diagnosis? |
|
Definition
Can reintroduce lactose!
Remain gluten-free for life |
|
|
Term
| What are some gluten-free options? |
|
Definition
•Amaranth
•Arrowroot
•Bean flours
•Buckwheat
•Corn
•Fava
•Flax
•Nut flour
•Oats (uncontaminated)
•Pea flour
•Potato
•Quinoa
•Rice
•Sorghum
•Soy
•Tapioca
<20 ppm of gluten can be labeled gluten-free! |
|
|
Term
| What is gluten sensitivity? How does it differ from Celiac’s? |
|
Definition
GI symptoms triggered by gluten
Alleviated with gluten withdrawal
Ruled out: CD, wheat allergy, Type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease & Helicobactor pylori infection
No anti-gluten antibodies or genetic markers
GI lesions may still be present, just not an autoimmune reaction
Mechanism has not been elucidated |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of ulcerative colitis & Crohn’s? |
|
Definition
Ulcerative Colitis
•Inflammation of the mucosa & submucosa
•Involves rectum only in 50% of patients
•Limited to colon only
•Peak onset 20-30 years
Crohn's
•Inflammation of the mucosa
•Mostly in ileum & colon
•Peak onset teens to 20’s |
|
|
Term
| What differs between the symptoms & complications in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's? |
|
Definition
Ulcerative Colitis
Bloody, mucusy diarrhea
Abdominal/rectal pain
Fever
Weight loss
Possible constipation
Arthritis
Dermatitis
Ocular manifestations
Crohn's
Chronic diarrhea
Severe abdominal pain
Anorexia
Weight loss
Malnutrition
Fever
Growth retardation |
|
|
Term
| What diet & supplements should be recommended during an IBD (UC and Crohn's) flare? |
|
Definition
•MVM
•B12 (Crohn’s; nasal gel or injection)
•Zinc (12-15 mg/L stool output)
•Calcium
•Magnesium
•Copper (0.5-1.5 mg/day)
•Probiotics/Prebiotics |
|
|
Term
| What should be limited in the diet for IBD patients, even during remission? |
|
Definition
| Limit foods high in oxalate (cocoa, tea, peanut butter, spinach, nuts, strawberries, tofu, backed beans, high dose vitamin C) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between IBS-D, IBS-C & IBS-M? |
|
Definition
IBS-D = diarrhea predominant
IBS-C = constipation predominant
IBS-M = mixed diarrhea & constipation |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology associated with IBS-D, IBS-C & IBS-M? |
|
Definition
Altered serotonin production
•Serotonin causes release of:
Acetylcholine = smooth muscle contraction
Nitric oxide = smooth muscle relaxation
•Serotonin reduced in IBS-C; increased in IBS-D |
|
|
Term
| What is the FODMAP restriction? |
|
Definition
Don't eat foods with Fermentable Oligo-, Di- and Mono-saccharides, and Polyols.
Helps with IBS |
|
|
Term
| Should insoluble fiber be recommended to IBS patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is diverticulosis treated? |
|
Definition
High fiber diet (25-35 g/day + 6-10 g extra)
Fluids |
|
|
Term
| How is diverticulitis treated? |
|
Definition
Antibiotics
Bed rest
Liquid diet |
|
|
Term
| How much protein is required for alchoholic liver diseased patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplements are recommended for patients with alchoholic liver disease? |
|
Definition
Thiamin 50-100 mg for 7-14 days
Folic acid 1000 mcg/day
Riboflavin Amount in a multivitamin (MVM)
B6 1-3 mg as part of a MVM
B12 6-12 mg as part of a MVM
C 175-500 mg/day
A Amount in a MVM
D 200-500 IU/day
E 10-50 IU as part of a MVM
Fe Standard amount in MVM for premenopausal women; Find a MVM without for men &
postmenopausal women
Mg 100-400 mg/d if deficiency suspected
Se 5-50 mcg/day
Zn Amount in MVM
Supplements in Alcoholism
Nelms |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of gall stones? |
|
Definition
may be asymptomatic
Right quadrant pain |
|
|
Term
| What nutritional intervention would be recommended for gallstones? |
|
Definition
• Low fat diet (<30% Cal)
•Moderate protein
• Smaller, more frequent meals
• Rest bowel with attacks
•Water-soluble supplementation of ADEK may be
necessary
• After surgery, more fiber may be necessary |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of kidney stones? |
|
Definition
| Hypercalciuria, gout, excess vitamin D intake, UTI |
|
|
Term
| What nutritional intervention would be recommended for kidney stones? |
|
Definition
• Increase fluid intake by 3 L/d (at least 50% from water)
• Not necessary to limit dietary calcium (dairy can actually prevent kidney stones)
• Limit oxalate intake to 50-60 mg/d
• Avoid: beets, chocolate, cola, coffee/tea, nuts/nut butters, berries, wheat bran, spinach, rhubarb & high dose vitamin C
• For stones high in uric acid, avoid high purine foods |
|
|
Term
| What are some high oxalate foods? |
|
Definition
| cocoa, tea, peanut butter, spinach, nuts, strawberries, tofu, backed beans, high dose vitamin C |
|
|
Term
| How is it type 1 diabetes diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Diagnosis (1 of the following)
• Symptoms + blood glucose >200 mg/dL
• Fasting plasma glucose >125 mg/dL
• Plasma glucose >200 mg/dL after oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT) |
|
|
Term
| What % of energy should be coming from carbs, proteins & lipids? |
|
Definition
• Protein = 15-20% Cal
• Lipids = 30% Cal
• Carbs = 45-65% Cal |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis of carb counting? |
|
Definition
Best method of maintaining blood glu
• Total intake of CHO intake, not source
• Count starches, fruits, dairy, sweets
• Nonstarchy veggies don’t need to be
counted as long as <15 g CHO are not eaten |
|
|
Term
| Is exercise recommended for T1DM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some short-term & long-term complications for T1DM? |
|
Definition
Short Term:
hyperglycemia
Ketoacidosis
hypoglycemia
Long Term
CVD
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
Peripheral neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| How is the pathology of T2DM different from T1DM? |
|
Definition
| T2DM is insulin-independent |
|
|
Term
| What compound phosphorylates IRS-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes? |
|
Definition
Genetics (<25 years)
Obesity
Physical inactivity
High birth weight babies
Low birth weight babies |
|
|
Term
| How much exercise is recommended for T2DM patients? |
|
Definition
30-45 min of mod. intensity exercise 3-
5 days/week
Resistance exercise
3 days/week |
|
|
Term
| What nutrition therapy would be recommended for T2DM? |
|
Definition
Weight loss
Decrease caloric intake (1200-1600 Cal) Increase physical activity
Carbs
Get at least 130 g carbs per day
Carb counting is recommended
Protein
No more than 20% Cal/day
With nephritis, limit to 10% Cal/day
Fat
25-35% Cal
Limit saturated fat to ~7%, trans fat 0%
Fiber
Get 25-38 g/day from fruits, veggies, whole Fiber grains & legumes |
|
|
Term
| What supplements may be beneficial for T2DM? |
|
Definition
A
• Alpha-lipoic acid
• Konjac glucomannan
B
• Beta-glucan
• Fenugreek
• Ginseng
• Gymnema
•Magnesium
• Vanadium
• Whey protein |
|
|
Term
| What are some complications to gestational diabetes for the mother? |
|
Definition
• Hypertension
(preeclampsia),
excessive amniotic
fluid, premature
delivery, difficult birth,
higher C-section rate |
|
|
Term
| What are some complications to gestational diabetes for the infant? |
|
Definition
Large for gestational
age, hypoglycemia,
respiratory distress,
hypocalcemia,
jaundice &
polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the recommendations for protein, fat, carbs & sodium in those with T3DM? |
|
Definition
Protein RDA = 1.1 g/kg of desirable BW
Fat Limit saturated & trans fat
Carbs Space throughout the day to avoid ketonuria
Sodium Not restricted during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between reactive & fasting hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
Reactive hypoglycemia: diabetics that administer too much insulin
Fasting hypoglycemia: excess insulin or insulin-like substances (drugs, alcohol, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| How is hypoglycemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
All three of the following must be present:
1. Low blood glucose (<70mg/dL)
2. Weakness, fatigue, sweating, palpitations
3.Symptoms disappear with carb ingestion & blood glucose returns to normal |
|
|
Term
| What nutrition therapy would be recommended for hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
1. Small, frequent meals with complex carbs, fiber & protein
2. Avoid simple carbs & alcohol
3. Limit caffeine (reduces cerebral blood flow) |
|
|
Term
| Can goitrogens be consumed by hyper or hypothyroid patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nutrition therapy is recommended for hyper and hypothyroid patients? |
|
Definition
The only nutrition therapy
for disorders of the
thyroid & pituitary gland
are to minimize food-drug
interactions. |
|
|
Term
| Is adrenal insufficiency reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is adrenal insuficiency diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| give a dose of ACTH & measure blood concentrations of cortisol |
|
|
Term
| How is adrenal insuficiency treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is chronic fatigue reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is chronic fatigue diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Low (unstimulated) saliva cortisol levels CAN be used to
diagnose chronic fatigue syndrome |
|
|
Term
| How is Chronic Fatigue treated? |
|
Definition
| Exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of microcytic anemia |
|
Definition
Blood loss (menstruation, gastric ulcer)
Inadequate Iron (intake or absorption)
Infancy/Childhood (cows milk interferes with absorption, soy formula Must be iron fortified)
Pregnancy
Excess minerals (divalent) |
|
|
Term
| What are some health conditions associated with microcytic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of microcytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| pallor, fatigue, cold extremities, malaise, tachycardia (HR >100 beats/min) |
|
|
Term
| What are some biomarkers for microcytic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some strategies for increasing dietary & supplemental iron? |
|
Definition
Increase vitamin C
Molasses
Cast iron pans |
|
|
Term
| What else needs to be taken if iron supplements are indicated? |
|
Definition
| Zn (Fe inhibits Zn absorption) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of regular megaloblastic vs. pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
Megaloblastic caused by folate & B12 deficiencies
pernicious a type of megaloblastic caused by atrophic gastritis or Autoimmune issue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are folate & B12 required for in the body? |
|
Definition
| Required for 1C metabolism (methylation) in rapidly dividing cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of megaloblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| pallor, fatigue, irritability, neuropathy if prolonged |
|
|
Term
| What are some biomarkers for megaloblastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| holotranscobalamin II or methymalonic acid (MMA) |
|
|
Term
| How is megaloblastic anemia treated? |
|
Definition
•Limit carbonated soft drinks (associated with folate def.)
•Increase folic acd & B12 fortified cereals
•Be careful, folate repletion can mask a B12 deficiency!
•Dietary interventions should be tried prior to supplementation
•B12 supplements are made from cyanocobalimin – a weakly active B12 |
|
|
Term
| What nutrition education would be important for Hemochromatosis? |
|
Definition
EDUCATION: heme vs. non-heme iron, vitamin C
avoidance of cast-iron, MVM with iron & alcohol
increase fiber, phytates & tannin consumption, limit meat |
|
|
Term
| What deficiency is related to restless leg syndrome? |
|
Definition
| iron deficiency or altered iron metabolism |
|
|
Term
| How is restless leg syndrome treated? |
|
Definition
High dose supplementation is required
Fe supplements >250 mg/dose, 2-3 times/day
Take with vitamin C, separately from other mineral supplements |
|
|
Term
| What diet is often prescribed for epilepsy? |
|
Definition
Ketogenic diets = high fat, low carb
Classic
Medium-chain triglyceride
Low-glycemic index
Modified Atkins diet |
|
|
Term
| Is the ketogenic diet indicated for patients taking Topamax? |
|
Definition
| will cause weight loss and kidney stones if combined |
|
|
Term
| What macronutrient ratio is used in the classic version of the ketogenic diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplements are necessary for the ketogenic diet? |
|
Definition
| Patients need to take a sugar-free multivitamin, calcium & vitamin D supplements |
|
|
Term
| What are some risk factors of stroke that may be influenced by diet? |
|
Definition
HTN
CCD
Diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Obesity |
|
|
Term
| What are some dietary measures that may reduce the risk of stroke? |
|
Definition
•Rich in fruits, veggies, nuts, soy & cereal fiber
•More fish & poultry than red meat
•More PUFA than SFA
•Low in trans fat
•Multivitamin use for >5 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should vitamin B6 supplements be given to a patient with Parkinson’s disease taking L-dopa? |
|
Definition
| no, it speeds up the process of converting L-dopa to dopamine. |
|
|
Term
| What are some dietary strategies to control GERD & constipation commonly seen in Parkinson’s? |
|
Definition
Encourage smaller, more frequent meals
Low in fat & fiber |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology involved in MS? |
|
Definition
Genetics
•Region on chromosome 6 encoding mutated interleukin receptors (IL7R & IL2RA)
Environmental factors
•Latitude – decreased vitamin D associated with MS
•Smokers are 70% more likely to develop MS
•Hygiene hypothesis – delayed exposure to certain viruses (Epstein-Barr virus) increases risk of MS |
|
|
Term
| What dietary restrictions & supplements are recommended in MS? |
|
Definition
Restriction of SFA
Omega-3 supplements
Supplementation of Ca & vitamin D (required with long-term corticosteroid use) |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology involved in Alzheimer’s disease? |
|
Definition
age
genetics (mutation in apolipoprotein Ee4)
Obesity, CVD, diabetes, free-radical catalyzed oxidation, Down syndrome, previous brain trauma |
|
|
Term
| What dietary strategies can be employed to prevent Alzheimer’s? |
|
Definition
Caloric restriction (as 30% less E from carbs only) has been successful in preventing AD in animal models
Decreased beta-amyloid plaque production
Control blood glucose
Normal blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Can the Mediterranean diet decrease the risk of Alzhemier’s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplements may be beneficial in Alzheimer’s? |
|
Definition
•Liquid supplements are best
•Under investigation in early stage AD:
•omega-3 FA
•B vitamins
•vitamin C
•vitamin E |
|
|
Term
| What supplements may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s? |
|
Definition
Cu in older patients
MVM condtaining Fe in older patients |
|
|
Term
| What dietary strategies may be recommended to enhance food consumption by decreasing mealtime confusion in your Alzheimer’s patient? |
|
Definition
| •offer 1 food at a time •use simple place setting •plate should be a different color than table •add condiments prior to serving •focus on finger foods •allow adequate eating time (30-45 min) •maximize food intake during lunch (cognition is usually best at this time) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major cause of traumatic brain injuries? Spinal cord injuries? |
|
Definition
| Falls (28%), motor vehicle accidents (20%), ‘struck by/against’ (19%), firearms (11%), bike accidents (3%) |
|
|
Term
What caloric & protein recommendations are given for patients with brain or spinal cord
injuries? |
|
Definition
Acute
Energy intake should be 10% below predicted REE
•Protein = 2.0 g/kg bw/day
Rehab
•paraplegic = 27.9 kcal/kg bw
•quadraplegic = 22.7 kcal/kg bw
•Protein = 0.8-1.0 g/kg bw/day |
|
|
Term
| What supplements may be utilized for your patients with spinal cord injuries? |
|
Definition
Omega-3s may be beneficial for improved performance
Vitamin D deficiency is very common in SCI patients |
|
|
