Term
| Drugs of abuse target which pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mesolimibic DA pathway follows what path |
|
Definition
| VTA to nucleus accumbens to the prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| Heroin and Nicotine target the indirect pathway of the mesolimibic DA, name brain areas they target |
|
Definition
1. Substantia nigra R
2. VTA
3. PAG
4. Nucleus accumbens |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain contains the memory of positive feeling. How about executive function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Amphetamine
Methylene-Dioxy-Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
Nicotine
Caffinee |
|
|
Term
| What's the smoked form of cocaine? What are it's advantages |
|
Definition
Crack cocaine
Faster absorbtion and it's smoked |
|
|
Term
| By which mechanism does cocaine deliver it's affects |
|
Definition
| Inhibits reuptake of E, NE, 5-HT and DA in the mesolimbic DA system therefore increasing their levels |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine has a plasma peak of ____ after intranasal and a peak of _____ after IV or smoking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is cocaine metabolized? |
|
Definition
| Esterases in the serum and liver |
|
|
Term
| If you were to screen a person for cocaine use, which metabolites are you looking for? |
|
Definition
| Benzoyeogonine and Ecgonine |
|
|
Term
| Why shouldn't you drinking alcohol with cocaine? |
|
Definition
| Formation of Cocaethylene which is more toxic and has a longer half life |
|
|
Term
| What happens to basal levels of DA, NE and 5-HT after chronic cocaine use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast is the onset of cocaine if it's used by IV or smoked? What if you snort it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the major central sites of action for cocaine? |
|
Definition
| Mesoaccumbens ascending dopaminergic pathway |
|
|
Term
| What are the positive effects of Cocaine? |
|
Definition
1. Euphoria
2. Arousal
3. Elation
4. Alertness
5. Increase self confidence |
|
|
Term
| what are the negative effects of cocaine |
|
Definition
1. Anxiety
2. Restlessness
3. Paranoia |
|
|
Term
| Name the first stage of cocaine withdrawal. What are it's characteristics |
|
Definition
Crash
1. Low mood and energy
2. Hypersomnolence "very sleep"
3. Hyperphagia
4. Last 1-4 days |
|
|
Term
| Name the second stage of withdrawal |
|
Definition
Withdrawal
1. Major motivation to use
-Dysphoria
-Anxiety
-Depression
2. Muscle pain and tremors
3. High cravings such as seeing friends do it or visit places where it's done
4. last 2-12 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3rd stage of withdrawal and its characteristics |
|
Definition
Extinction
1. Withdraw symptoms go away |
|
|
Term
| Cocaine toxicity has effect on which systems |
|
Definition
CNS
CVS
Intranasal
Pulmonary |
|
|
Term
| What's the effect of cocaine toxicity on the CNS |
|
Definition
1. Psychosis, depression, long term personality changes
2. Intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, seizures and headaches |
|
|
Term
| What's the effect of cocaine toxicity on CVS |
|
Definition
| tachycardia, vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, MI |
|
|
Term
| If you're a chronic cocaine user what are the effect intranasal |
|
Definition
| Chronic rhinitis, loss of smell, necrosis and perforation of nasal septum |
|
|
Term
| What's cocaines effects on the pulmonary system? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary congestion, edema, alveolar hemorrhage, respiratory arrest |
|
|
Term
| High cocaine use can cause Excited delirium, what are the characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Psychosis accompanied by agitation and hyperthermia, often ends in respiratory arrest and sudden death |
|
|
Term
| During an overdose of cocaine, what happens? How is this treated |
|
Definition
Death due to cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions or respiratory arrest.
Treat using diazepam, propanol and calcium channel blockers |
|
|
Term
| List the treatments of cocaine dependence |
|
Definition
Behavior treatment
Pharmacological treatment
-Tricyclics and SSRI
-Modafinil
-Buprenophrine
-GABA agonist "baclofen and topiramate"
-Disulfiram |
|
|
Term
| what's the difference between methamphetamines and amphetamines? |
|
Definition
| More potent, longer duration of action and neurotoxic than amp |
|
|
Term
| This drug is abused by collage students during exams |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines works by releasing |
|
Definition
| Dopamine (major one) and NE |
|
|
Term
| What affects due amphetamines have on the CNS |
|
Definition
alertness
euphoria
exhilaration
Enchanced well being |
|
|
Term
| What are amphetamines affects on the periphery? |
|
Definition
1. Increase B
2. Tachycardia
3. Mydriasis
4. Sweating
5. Constipation |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamine toxicity can cause |
|
Definition
Necrotizing arteritis
Neurotoxicity that damages DA neurons |
|
|
Term
| If somebody OD on amphetamine what are the symptoms |
|
Definition
Coma and convulsions leading to status epilepticus
HTN, hyperthermia, subarachnoid hem. |
|
|
Term
| What's the treatment for amphetamine OD |
|
Definition
Acidify the urine
Haloperidol and diazepam |
|
|
Term
| Methylene-dioxy-methamphetamine is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the MOA of ecstacy? |
|
Definition
| Promotes release of 5-HT and inhibits it's uptake, also inhibits DA uptake |
|
|
Term
| What are the positive effects of Ectasy |
|
Definition
1. Emotional openness
2. Euphoria
3. Stimulation
4. Reduction and critical & cynical thoughts
5. Decreased inhibitions |
|
|
Term
| What are the positive effects of ecstacy |
|
Definition
Emotional openness
Euphoria
Stimulation
Reduction of critical and cynical thoughts
Decreased inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of ectasy |
|
Definition
1. Visual distortion
2. Nystagmus
3. Nervousness
4. Shivering
5. Hyperthermia |
|
|
Term
| The withdraw symptoms of 5-HT are due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the withdrawal symptoms of ectasy |
|
Definition
Severe anhedonia
Lethargy
Decreased motivation
Fatigue
Depression |
|
|
Term
| Name the toxicity effects of ectasy |
|
Definition
| Altered mental status, convulsions, tachycardia, acute renal failure, hepatotoxicity and psychosis |
|
|
Term
| Methylpenidate is also known as _____. It's used in the treatment of _____ |
|
Definition
| Ritalin and is used in the treatment of ADHD |
|
|
Term
| The effects of Methylphenidate are due to |
|
Definition
| inhibits uptake of DA and NE and stimulates their release |
|
|
Term
| If you use Methylphenidate IV what happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Methylphenidate symptoms of actue OD are |
|
Definition
| vomiting, agitation, tremors, muscle twitching, convulsions, hallucination, delirum and flushing |
|
|
Term
| The treatment for Methylphenidate is |
|
Definition
Gastric lavage
Main circulation and respiration |
|
|
Term
| What's the onset for nicotine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotine causes the release of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of nicotine use |
|
Definition
Euphoria
Anorexia
Improved concentratoin
Arousal |
|
|
Term
| Give the symptoms of nicotine withdraw |
|
Definition
Dysphoria
Increased appetite
Difficulty concentration
Irritability |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of nicotine withdrawl |
|
Definition
Bupropion
Mecamylamine "blocking agent"
Clonidine: decreases w/drawal symptoms and cravings |
|
|
Term
| Caffinee is a ______ receptor antagonist and increases _____ secretion. At high doses it's a _______ inhibitor |
|
Definition
adenosine
NE
phosphodiesterase |
|
|
Term
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamine (LSD) works on which system? What kind of agonist and antagonist is it? |
|
Definition
Central serotinic systems
5HTa/c agonist and a 5HT2 antagonist |
|
|
Term
| What are the early effects of LSD |
|
Definition
| Weakness, numbness, nauseated, mydriasis, increased BP, tachycardia, tremor |
|
|
Term
| When does the desired effects of LSD happen? What are they |
|
Definition
Perceptual effects
Euphoria
Elation
some experience anxiety, depression, panic, rage |
|
|
Term
| Why do people not develop a dependence on LSD? |
|
Definition
| Short term tolerance, they take it once or twice a week |
|
|
Term
| What are the adverse physiological reactions of LSD |
|
Definition
| Panic attacks, acute depression and psychosis |
|
|
Term
| How do people die when they're on LSD |
|
Definition
| Errors in judgement like, I can fly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It's a hallucinogen used for religious users |
|
|
Term
| Psiolocybin is known as _____ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the deliriant hallucinogens? |
|
Definition
| Ketamine, Phencclidine and dextromethorphan |
|
|
Term
| What's the MAO of deliriant halluciogens |
|
Definition
Bind to NMDA receptors where they are non-competitive antagonist and block calcium transporters
Indirectly stimulate DA and NE transmission |
|
|
Term
| Where would you fine Ketamine? |
|
Definition
| Pediatric anasthesia and veterinary use |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of low dose Ketamine? How about high dose? |
|
Definition
Low dose is like alcohol, there is stumbling, clumsiness, robotic movements, vertigo, reduce sensatoin
high dose: Difficult moving due to anesthetic effects, nausea, complete dissociation, classic near death experiences, blackouts |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxic effects of ketamine |
|
Definition
| Staring, catatonic, flat face |
|
|
Term
| How would a person that OD on Ketamine present? |
|
Definition
| Seizures and coma with death due to intracranial hemorrhage and respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat Ketamine OD |
|
Definition
| acidify the urine and give supportive measures |
|
|
Term
| What the street name of Pehncyclidine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the low dose effects of LSD. How about high dose effects |
|
Definition
Euphoria, agitation and bizarre behavior.
Rigidity, impaired reasoning, detachment, anger and violent, bronchospasm, peripheral effects like HTN, tachycardia, nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| If a patient presents w/ an LSD overdose what do they look like |
|
Definition
Grand mal seizures or status epilepticus
Death due to intracranial hemorrhage, respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the positive effects of Dextromethorphan |
|
Definition
| Mood lift, dissociation of mind from body, dream like experiences and hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of Dextromethorphan |
|
Definition
Nausea and vomiting
Itchy and skin irritation
Confusion
Loss of motor control and sensory perception
Hangover |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity of Dextromethorphan are due to |
|
Definition
| The other toxicities present |
|
|
Term
| What are the benzodiazepines that are abused |
|
Definition
| Alprozolam, Diazepam and Fluitrazepam |
|
|
Term
| Fluitrazepam is known on the street as _____, as a result it's been reformulated to turn liquid to which color? |
|
Definition
Date rape drug, roofies
Blue or green |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of Fluitrazepam |
|
Definition
Drowiness, impaired motor coordination, ataxia, euphoria
Next day hangover like nervousness, anxiety, tremor, headache |
|
|
Term
| When taking Fluitrazepam, what are the protraction effects due to |
|
Definition
| REM rebound, you get hallucinations, confusions, paranoid psychosis, convulsions (life threatening), hyperthermia, tinnitus |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat a benzodiazepine OD? |
|
Definition
| Flumazenil, gastric lavage and maintence of respiration |
|
|
Term
| How do you die from benzodiazepines |
|
Definition
| cerebral anoxia due to respiratory failure |
|
|
Term
| What uses are there for Gamma-hydroxbutyrate (GHB) |
|
Definition
| Treatment of cataplexy associated w/ nacrolepsy |
|
|
Term
| The effects of GHB are due to |
|
Definition
| indirectly increase release of DA, endogenous opiods and GH |
|
|
Term
The desired effects of GHB are?
how about the undesired one? |
|
Definition
Relaxation, tranqulity, mild euphoria, disinhibition
Drowiness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxicity effects of GHB |
|
Definition
Loss of bladder control, amnesia and seizures
Cardiac depression and coma |
|
|
Term
| What is the onset of NO? What are it's desired and undesired effects |
|
Definition
5-45 min
Euphoria, perceptional disortion, ataxia, giddness, slurred speech
Coughing, sneezing, nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxicity effects of NO |
|
Definition
Death due to asphyxia or respiratory depression
Can produced arrhthmias
Vit B12 depression leading to numbness in the fingers and toes |
|
|
