1st line of defense-Physical and chemical barriers

2nd-Nonspecific Defenses

3rd-Specific Mechanisms

Skin-barrier, constant cell shedding removes pathogens, acidic pH of 5-6 repels microorganisms

Tears-lube and wash eyes, contain lysozyme

Saliva-Lube for mouth and rinses particles into digestive tract, contains lysozyme.

Earwax-Traps particles and microorganisms

Digestive acids- HCl kills most pathogens that enter stomach.

Mucus-Traps pathogens, that can then be swept away by swallowing or sneezing

Vomiting-removes toxic and infective agents from the stomach

Urination-Slightly acidic, flushes out urinary tract

Defication-Removes pathogens from digestive tract

Resident Bacteria-Control harmful organisms by competing against them, may produce substances that alter the body's pH.

Phagocytes-neutrophils and macrophages engulf and digest forign cells. Eosinophils bombard large parasites w/ digestive enzymes and phagocytize forign proteins

Natural killer cells-release chemicals that disintegrate cell membranes of tumor cells and virus infected cells

Inflammatory response-4 components: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. attracts phagocytes and promotes tissue healing.

Complement system-a group of proteins that assist other defense mechanisms. enhances inflammation and phagocytosis, kills pathogens.

Interferons-stimulate the production of protiens that interfere with viral reproduction

Fever-Modest fever makes internal environment less hospitable to pathogens, fosters he ability to fight infections

WBC's or Leukocytes

-name them and describe their function

Monocyte-agranulocytes that seek antigens and when they get to the tissue they become macrophages

Macrophage-engulf and digest forign cells

Eosinophil-bombard large parasites with digestive proteins and phagotyze forign proteins

Mast Cell-release histamin, cause swelling

Neutrophil-engulf and digest forign cells

Basophil-ingest foriegn particles and secrete histamine

-these are non specific

Inflammatory Response (2nd Line)

1- signs?

2- Process

1-Redness, Warmth, Swelling, Pain

2-tissue damage leads to release of histamine, blood vessels dilate, complement marks bacteria, phagocytic cells arrive and remove invading microorganisms

1) -osis

2) -penia

1) abnormally high

2) less

1) Action of complement system against a bacterium

2) Can you measue the level of complement bacteria in the body?

1) Complement proteins form holes in bacterium, and the holes allow fluids and salts to enter the bacterium until the bacterium expands and bursts.

2) yes

Interferons

1)-what are they

2)-name the 3 different kinds used for theraputics

3)what are they used to treat? (4)

4)Side effects (4)

1-Interferons are family species-specific proteins synthesized by eukaryotic cells in response to viruses and a variety of natural and synthetic stimuli.

2-Alpha, Beta and Gamma

3-They are used to treat-Hairy cell leukemia

-AIDS related Kaposi's sarcoma

-Laryngeal papillomatosis

-Genital warts

-chronic granulomatous disease

4-Side effects include -black tarry sools

-blood in urine

-confusion

-loss of balance

3rd line of defense (specific)

1)B cells, what do they do

2)name the 3 types of b cells and what they do

1)B cells-responsible for antibody mediated immunity (AMI) or humeral immunity

2)-Plasma cells-produce and secrete specific antibodies

-Memory B cells- store info about pathogen. turn into plasma cells

-Immunoglobulins- five classes of antibodies, have antigen-binding sites with a unique shape that fits one specific antigen

3rd line of defense (specific)

1) T cells are responsible for what?

2)Helper T cells- stimulate other immune cells

Cytotoxinc t cells- Attack and destroy abnormal cells

Memory T cells- reactivate upon later exposure to the same antigen and turn into helper and cytotoxic cells

Suppressor T cells-suppess immune response after an antigen has been destroyed

-targets specific pathogens or foriegn substances

-It has a memory, so it responds faster to the same pathogen in the future

-it protects the entire body, the immunity is not linked to the site of infection

Forms of Immunity

name the 2 types

-Innate

-aquired

-genetically determined

-present at birth

-has no relationship to previous exposure to an antigen

-humans dont get the same disease as goldfish

1) Acquired immunity- describe it

2) two types

1) appears after exposure to an antigen

2) -Active-after exposure to an antigen

-Passive-transfer of antibodies from another scource

Aquired Immunity

1)Active- 2 types

2) passive- 2 types

1) Active

-Naturally aquired immunity- eg-had the disease

-Induced active immunity- eg-vaccination

2) Passive

-Natural passive immunity- mothers antibodies through milk or placenta

-Induced passive immunity- antibodies are administered (immune globulin)

1-direct visualisation of an organism

2-Clues produced by the Host response to specific microbes

3-detection of specific microbial nucleotide sequenses

1-stain w/ crystal violet

2-stain w/ Lugol's iodine

3-Decolorize w/ acetone (at this stage Gram+ would retain the purple dye and Gram- would decolourize)

4-Counter stain with safranin pink/red dye (Gram+ appear blue black and gram- appear pink red)

Describe the appearance of

1-Cocci

2-bacili

3-spirochete

4-staph

5-strep

6-Syphlis

1-balls

2-rods

3-spiral shaped

4-cocci in clusters

5-cocci in chains

6-spirochete

Acid fast stain

1-is done to look for what bacteria

2-how long do you need to look for, and with what lens

3- what color will this bacteria appear

4- what is the biggest disease we are looking for, but it's not specific for

1-Mycobacteria

2-10 minutes w/ oil immersion

3-Pink, other bacteria will be purple and retain dye

4-TB

-Looking for cryptococcus capsule (a fungus)

-causes meningitis

KOH Prep

-used for

-vaginal smears placed on a slide with KOH

-looking for Fungi

Tzanck Prep

-whats the procedure

-what are we looking for

-scrape a vesicle then place on slide then stained 

-looking for herps, there is 8 different kinds of herps this test is not specific for the type of herps

1)Host humoral response (antibody) can be used to make a diagnosis of certain infections

-what do we do?

-give a couple eg's of what diseases we are looking for

-what do the classifications of different immunoglubulins (antibodies) mean

-Obtain 2 sera at intervals

-Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydial infections, Lyme disease

-IgG-chronic

IgM-Acute

bc- First you get an IgM increase then IgG and the IgG stays with you forever

-delayed type hypersensitivity test

eg-TB test-must be injected in the dermis

-to check it, close your eyes and feel it to see if it's raised, then measure it

+ in HIV pt if >or= 5mm is positive, non HIV person >=15mm

1-virus

2-bacteria

3-Fungi

4- Parasites

Bacterial infections

1) Pneumonia

2) Gonorrhea

1) Pneumonia

-gram positive diplococci

-Strep pneumoniae

 -acute onset of fever, chills, cough, rust colored sputum

treat with antibiotics

2) Gonorrhea

-Gram negative diplococci

-neisseria gonorrhae

-present with dysuria, urethral discharge

-cell wall inhibitors

-protein synthesis inhibitors

-DNA gyrase inhibitors

-Beta lactamase inhibitors

-contain either DNA or RNA

-Wrapped w/ protein nucleocapsid

-can be covered w/ an envelope

-Entirely dependent on the host cells for protein synth. and replication, so they are obligate intracellular parasites

-Influenza

-Herpes Simplex 2

-RNA virus

-orthomyxovirus family

-Causes the Flu

-spread by airborne droplets

-after incubation period of 24-48 hrs, get fever myalgias, headache, and cough

-resolves spontaneously in 4-7 days

-DNA virus

-cause latent infection

-causes a vescular rash

- A lot of times you see a recurrent lesion on the butt cheek

- A lot of times it doesn’t reoccur, if it does pt may feel tingling or itching pain (prodomes) before outbreak

1-oral

2-genital

When first infected, primary infection is usually the most severe

 Shingles

-Usually only on one side of the body, unless they are immunocomprimised (HIV)

- yeasts or molds

-fungal wall has chitin, so typical antibiotics dont work

-2 types

1-yeast-grow as single cells (see a lot in the immunocompromised, candida)

2-molds-grow as long filaments (hyphae)

-oval yeast with a single bud

-eg-thrush, vaginitis

- Candida-normal flora, a lot of times if your immunocompromised (eg-HIV) the yeast will become overgrown.

-vaginal yeast inf.- result of high pH, diabetes, or the use of antibiotics

-Antifungals

-effects ergosterol

Parasites

-2 types

-Single cell-protozoa

-Multicellular metazoa called helminths or worms

-round worms

-Flukes

-Tapeworms

-Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis

-Urogenital protozoa

-STI

-foul smelling, watery vaginal discharge, pruritis and burning

-diagnosed by wet mount

-treated w/ metronidazole

-increased body temp, by an increase in the hypothalamic heat regulating set point

-response to infection or inflammation, tissue Injury-infarction, trauma, drugs

- For every degree your temp goes up, your HR increases by 10 beats per minute

Infection-systemic or localized

Neoplasms-new growth (think cancer)

Collagen Vascular Disease