Term
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Definition
Major cation (+) of extracellular fluid
- Water distribution/osmotic
pressure/osmolality
- Excite nerves and muscles
Regulated by kidneys
- ADH
- Aldosterone (Na+/K+) – sodium absorbtion
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms (~<120 mmol/L)
- nausea
- generalized weakness
- mental confusion
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- Loss of fluid (GI, burns) w/hypotonic fluid
replacement
- Thiazide diuretics
- K+ depletion in cells
- Aldosterone deficiency
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Term
Normovolemic Hyponatremia |
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Definition
Causes;
- SIADH – ADH levels are fluctuating
- Severe hyperglycemia – too much blood sugar
- Polydipsia
- Diminished cortisol
- Hypothyroidism
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Term
Hypervolemic Hyponatremia |
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Definition
Causes;
- Congestive Heart Failure
- Hepatic cirrhosis
- Overhydration
- SIADH
- Nephrotic Syndrome – kidneys don’t absorb protein
- Renal failure
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms
- tremors
- irritability
- ataxia
- confusion
- coma
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Term
Hypovolemic Hypernatremia |
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Definition
Causes;
- dehydration
- profuse sweating
- vomiting or diarrhea
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Term
Normovolemic Hypernatremia |
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Definition
Causes;
- polyuria (water diuresis – DI, or
solute diuresis – DM)
- skin/lung losses
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Term
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia |
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Definition
Causes;
- hypertonic saline or sodium bicarbonate Tx
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Cushing’s syndrome
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Term
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Definition
Major intracellular cation
Functions;
- Neuromuscular excitability
- Contraction of the heart
- Intracellular fluid volume
- H+ ion exchange
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- Decreased dietary intake
- Diuretics (most common)
- Insulin (DM)
- Alkalemia – pulls K into cell and put Hydrogen out
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hyperaldosteronism |
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- Excess intake – diet
- Acidemia – too much acid
- Insulin deficiency
- Drugs (heparin, digoxin, cyclosporine)
- ACE inhibitors, K+- sparing diuretics
- Decreased excretion – renal failure, hypoaldosteronism
- Muscle weakness, Cardiac arrhythmias/arrest
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Term
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Definition
Major extracellular anion
Function not well understood;
- osmolality
- blood volume (water distribution)
- electric neutrality
Excreted in sweat and urine
Excess sweating stimulates aldosterone, conserves Na+ and Cl-
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Term
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Definition
Parallels Hypernatremia
Causes;
- Excess loss of bicarbonate via;
- GI loss (diarrhea)
- renal tubular acidosis
- aldosterone deficiency
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Term
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Definition
Parallels Hyponatremia
Causes;
- Prolonged vomiting – lose chloride
- Metabolic acidosis
- Aldosterone excess
- Pyelonephritis
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Term
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Definition
Buffering system (CO2, H2O and H+)
Reabsorbed in kidneys, mainly as CO2
Alkalosis – increase loss of HCO3- and Na+
Acidosis – loss of H+ and reabsorption of HCO3-
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Term
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Definition
Essential cofactor of over 300 enzymes
- glycolysis
- transcellular ion transport
- muscle contraction
- oxidative phosphorylation
Distribution; 55% in skeleton, 45% is intracellular
Lower GI – rich in Mg2+ Upper GI - low in Mg2+
Regulated in kidney
- PTH - increases absorption
- Aldosterone – increases excretion
Mg2++Vit D regulates PTH synthesis and secretion
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Term
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Definition
Common in hospitals (~65% of patient in ICU)
Causes;
- diarrhea
- malabsorption
- bypass surgery for obesity
- NG tubes
- vomiting
Causes;
- Drugs; loop diuretics, aminoglycosides
- Diabetes
- Alcoholism
Symptoms
- cardiac arrhythmias
- neuromuscular hyperexcitability (tetany/seizures)
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- excess ingestion (supplements)
- Renal Failure
Symptoms;
- decreased deep tendon reflexes
- depressed respiration and apnea
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Term
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Definition
Healthy bones and teeth
Muscle and cardiac contractions
Coagulation
Regulated by;
- PTH; bone and kidney
- Vit. D; absorption and resorption
- Calcitonin (antagonist); inhibits PTH and Vit. D
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Malignancy
(above two 90% - 95% of all cases)
- Renal diseases (variable)
- Hyper/hypothyroidism
- Growth spurts in adolescence
Symptoms;
- fatigue - malaise - weakness - depression - apathy - inability to concentrate
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- Hypoalbuminemia – low albumin levels (kidney and liver problems)
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Hypoparathyroidism (neck surgery)
- Vit. D deficiency
- Caffeine – blocks absorption of calcium
Symptoms;
- tetany - paresthesia - seizures - hypotension - ECG abnormalities
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Term
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Definition
RNA/DNA
Coenzymes
ATP
Creatine phosphate
Phosphoenol pyruvate
2,3-DPG
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- Renal failure
- Neonates – PTH and Vit. D
metabolism
- Intense exercise (cellular breakdown)
- Lymphoblastic Leukemia
- Hypocalcemia
Symptoms;
- tetany - seizures - hypotension
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Term
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Definition
Causes;
- space shift
- renal wasting
- decrease intestinal absorption
- loss from intracellular phosphate
Symptoms;
- muscle weakness - acute respiratory failure - decreased cardiac output - tissue hypoxia - mental confusion/coma
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Term
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Definition
Difference between cations and anions
AG = Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-)
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