Term
| Non-protein nitrogen compounds used to monitor renal function: |
|
Definition
Urea.
Creatinine.
Uric Acid.
*Ammonia - monitors liver function. |
|
|
Term
| How urea is made in the liver: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood urea concentration depends on these: |
|
Definition
Renal function.
Protein content of diet.
Protein breakdown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive blood urea accompanied by renal failure. |
|
|
Term
| Pre-renal azotemia may be due to: |
|
Definition
| Congestive heart failure. |
|
|
Term
| Renal azotemia may be due to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post-renal may be due to: |
|
Definition
Blockage due to a stone or a tumor.
Most common is pancreatic. |
|
|
Term
| Decreased Serum Urea may be due to: |
|
Definition
SIADH.
Malnutrition.
Pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Person has decreased urea. Also has water retention. Diagnosis? |
|
Definition
| Water retention is causing urea to be diluted - not necessarily true decreased urea. |
|
|
Term
| How to determine urea measurement: (Formula) |
|
Definition
Bun (mg/dL) x 2.14 = mg urea/dL
(remember 2.14) |
|
|
Term
| Uric acid - should it be used as an indicator for kidney function? |
|
Definition
| No - it is not the best indicator of kidney function because 98% is reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| Uric acid is the product of: |
|
Definition
| Purine metabolism: adenosine and guanine. |
|
|
Term
| Where is uric acid reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
98% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
The rest is excreted by the GI. |
|
|
Term
| Where is uric acid secreted? |
|
Definition
| The distal tubule - about 70%. |
|
|
Term
| When is uric acid insoluble? |
|
Definition
At the pH of plasma (monosodium urate).
- at concentrations > 6.4 mg/dL = ppt. |
|
|
Term
| Insolubility of uric acid causes what disease? |
|
Definition
| Gout - insolubility causes crystals (precipitate) to form which causes gout. |
|
|
Term
| Major diseases associated with increased plasma uric acid: |
|
Definition
- Gout.
- Renal disease.
- Increased breakdown of nucleic acid - cell turnover (Leukemia)
- Toxemia of Pregnancy (preeclampsia and eclampsia - electrolytes all out of whack) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uric acid ppt (crystals) in the blood.
- Swelling, stiffness, pain in the interstitial joint spaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alcohol.
Exposure to lead in the environment.
High purine diet.
Medications that interfere with the body's ability to remove uric acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cyclosporine.
Methotrexate.
Allopurinol.
Probenicid. |
|
|
Term
| Where is Creatinine synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is creatinine synthesized from? |
|
Definition
Arginine.
Glycine.
Methionine. |
|
|
Term
| What is creatinine primarily used as? |
|
Definition
| An anaerobic muscle source by muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Why is creatinine a good marker for glomerular filtration? |
|
Definition
Because it is filtered by the kidney at a constant rate.
(Creatinine would need to be measured in blood and urine to determine kidney function) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creatinine + alkaline picrate ---> red/orange chromagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10:1 - often described as a ratio to serum creatinine.
This helps differentiate between pre-renal and renal conditions...
Pre-renal conditions elevate plasma urea, but not creatinine -- high ratio.
Low BUN/Creatinine ratio is seen with decreased protein intake, liver disease. |
|
|
Term
| Normal Creatinine Clearance ranges: |
|
Definition
Normal Male: 85-125 mL/min/1.73 m2
Normal Female:75-115 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
|
|
Term
| Creatinine Shortcut Formula: |
|
Definition
| (140 - age)(weight kg) / 7.2 x serum creatinine (mg/L) |
|
|
Term
| Low Creatinine Clearance levels mean: |
|
Definition
Renal Impairment: 50-100 ml/min/1.73m2
Renal Insufficiency: 10-50 ml/min/1.73m2
Uremia: <10 ml/min/1.73m2 |
|
|
Term
| How does creatinine clearance affect serum creatinine? |
|
Definition
| As creatinine clearance goes down, serum creatinine goes up. |
|
|
Term
Abnormally high creatinine levels mean:
(increased GFR) |
|
Definition
High protein diet.
Intense exercise.
Incomplete urine collection.
Pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Abnormally low creatinine levels mean: |
|
Definition
Acute tubular necrosis.
Dehydration.
Congestive heart failure.
Glomerulonephritis.
Shock.
Renal ischemia (blood deficiency)
Acute renal failure.
Chronic renal failure.
Acute nephritic syndrome.
End-stage renal disease.
Wilms' Tumor
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
Acute bilateral obstructive uropathy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major source of circulating ammonia comes from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much ammonia is normally found in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you give a child aspirin? |
|
Definition
| NEVER. Causes toxicity to the liver, can cause brain damage and death. (ammonia builds up) |
|
|
Term
| Are amino acids routinely measured in serum and urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
