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Clinical Assessment & Diagnosis
Abnormal Psychology Chapter 4
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/30/2020

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Term
Psychological assessment
Definition
a procedure by which clinicians, using psychological tests, observation, and interviews, develop a summary of the client’s symptoms and problems.
Term
Clinical diagnosis
Definition
the process through which a clinician arrives at a general “summary classification” of the patient’s symptoms by following a clearly defined system such as DSM-5 or ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases), the latter published by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Term
presenting problem
Definition
major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing
Term
cultural competence
Definition
issues involved in multicultural assessment
Term
Reliability
Definition
a term describing the degree to which an assessment measure produces the same result each time it is used to evaluate the same thing.
Term
Validity
Definition

 the extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

 

Term
Standardization
Definition
a process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or “standard” manner.
Term
T score distribution
Definition
comparing a particular individual’s test score on a distribution of test scores from a large normative population enables the user to evaluate whether the individual’s score is low, average, or high along the distribution of scores
Term
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
a graphical record of the brain’s electrical activity
Term
dysrhythmia
Definition
irregular pattern
Term
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
Definition
The procedure involves the use of computer analysis applied to X-ray beams across sections of a patient’s brain to produce images that a neurologist can then interpret
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
involves the precise measurement of variations in magnetic fields that are caused by the varying amounts of water content of various organs and parts of organs.
Term
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
Definition
provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds, such as glucose, as they are metabolized by the brain or other organs
Term
functional MRI (fMRI)
Definition
a technique for measuring and mapping brain activity that is noninvasive and safe
Term
aphasia
Definition
a disorder in which there is a loss of ability to communicate verbally
Term
neuropsychological assessment
Definition
the use of various testing devices to measure a person’s cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance as clues to the extent and location of brain damage
Term
Halstead category test
Definition
Measures a subject’s ability to learn and remember material and can provide clues as to his or her judgment and impulsivity
Term
Tactual performance test
Definition
Measures a subject’s motor speed, response to the unfamiliar, and ability to learn and use tactile and kinesthetic cues.
Term
Rhythm test
Definition
Measures attention and sustained concentration through an auditory perception task.
Term
Speech sounds perception test
Definition
Determines whether an individual can identify spoken words.
Term
Finger oscillation task
Definition
Measures the speed at which an individual can depress a lever with the index finger.
Term
structured assessment interview
Definition
follow a predetermined set of questions throughout the interview, for example, “Have you ever had periods in which you could not sleep lately?” and “Have you experienced feeling very nervous about being in public?”
Term
unstructured assessment interview
Definition
typically subjective and do not follow a predetermined set of questions.
Term
rating scales
Definition
a set of categories designed to elicit information about a quantitative or a qualitative attribute
Term
role-playing
Definition
the acting out of the part of a particular person or character, for example as a technique in training or psychotherapy.
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
self-observation and objective reporting of behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings
Term
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
Definition
provides a structured and quantifiable format for rating clinical symptoms such as overconcern with physical symptoms, anxiety, emotional withdrawal, guilt feelings, hostility, suspiciousness, and unusual thought patterns.
Term
intelligence tests
Definition
a test designed to measure the ability to think and reason rather than acquired knowledge.
Term
personality tests
Definition
designed to measure personal characteristics other than intellectual ability
Term
Projective personality tests
Definition
unstructured in that they rely on various ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or vague pictures rather than on explicit verbal questions, and in that the person’s responses are not limited to the “true,” “false,” or “cannot say” variety
Term
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Definition
uses 10 inkblot pictures, to which a subject responds in succession after being instructed as follows
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
uses a series of simple pictures, some highly representational and others quite abstract, about which a subject is instructed to make up stories.
Term
sentence completion test
Definition
tests consist of the beginnings of sentences that an adult might be asked to complete
Term
Objective Personality tests
Definition
typically use questionnaires, self-report inventories, or rating scales in which questions or items are carefully phrased and alternative responses are specified as choices.
Term
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Definition
psychological test that assesses personality traits and psychopathology. It is primarily intended to test people who are suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues.
Term
forensic
Definition
scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime
Term
actuarial procedures
Definition

In such systems, descriptions of the actual behavior or other established characteristics of many subjects with particular patterns of test scores have been stored in the computer. Whenever a person has one of these test score patterns, the appropriate description is printed out in the computer’s evaluation. Such descriptions have been written and stored for a number of different test score patterns, most of them based on MMPI-2 scores.

 

Term
Ethical Issues in Assessment
Definition

1.  Potential cultural bias of the instrument or the clinician

2.  Theoretical orientation of the clinician

3.  Underemphasis on the external situation

4.  Insufficient validation

5.  Inaccurate data or premature evaluation

 

Term
The Categorical Approach
Definition

assumes (1) that all human behavior can be divided into the categories of “healthy” and “disordered,” and (2) that within the latter there exist discrete, nonoverlapping classes or types of disorder that have a high degree of within-class homogeneity in both symptoms displayed and the underlying organization of the disorder identified.

 

 

Term
The Dimensional Approach
Definition
it is assumed that a person’s typical behavior is the product of differing strengths or intensities of behavior along several definable dimensions such as mood, emotional stability, aggressiveness, gender identity, anxiousness, interpersonal trust, clarity of thinking and communication, social introversion, and so on.
Term
The Prototypal Approach
Definition
the process of classifying abnormal behavior on the assumption that there are combinations of characteristics (prototypes of behavior disorders) that tend to occur together regularly.
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