O: ribs 5-12

I: Linea alba, Pubic tubercle, ant 1/2 of the iliac crest

N: Thoracoabdominal nerve

A: unilateral-  contralateral rotation, and ipsilateral flexion 

    Bilateral- compress and support abominal viscera and forward flexion

O: Thoracolumbar fascia, ant 2/3 of iliac crest, Lateral 1/2 of inguinal ligament 

I:  Inferior borders of robs 10-12, linea alba, pecten pubis via Conjoint tendon 

N: thoracoabdominal nerve 

A: Unilateral: contralateral rotation. ipsilateral flexion 

Bilateral: compress and support abdominal viscera, forward flexion

O: internal surfaces of coastal cartilages 7-12, thoraclumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of ligament 

I:  linea alba with aponeurosis of IO, pubic crest, pecten pubis

N:Thoracoabdominal

A: Support and compress abdominal viscera 

O: Pubic symphisis and pubic crest

I: Coastal Cartiladges of ribs 5-7,  xiphoid process

N: Thoracoabdiminal 

A: Primary forward flexor, compress and support abdominal visceral, stabilizing pelvis when walking

O: Inferior border of mandible, skin and subcutaneous tissue of lower face

I: fascia of pec major and deltoid 

N: cervicle branch of facial N (CN VII)

A: Draw down corners of mouth, draw skin superiorly with teeth clenched

SA: Lateral surface of mastoid, lat. 1/2 of sup. nuchal line

IA: Sternal Head- Anterior surface of manubrium

claciula head- superor medial 1/3 of clavicle

N: Spinal Accesory (CN XI)

A: Unilateral- ipsilateral flexion contralteral rotation

Bilateral- extend atlanto-occipital joint, flex chin to chest, thrust chin forward, elevate manubrium and clavivle for deep respiration

Ant border: median line of the neck

Post. border: Anterior border of SCM

Sup. Border: inferior border of mandible 

Apex:jugular notch of manubrium 

roof: subcutaneous tissue and platysma

floor: Pharynx and thyroid gland

Ant border: posterior border of SCM

Post. Border: anterior border of trapezius

Inf. Border: middle 1/3 of clavicle

Apex:Where SCM and trapezius meet at nuchal line

Roof: deep cervical fascia

Floor: muscles covered my prevetebral deep cervical fascia

O: Clavicular- medial 1/2 of clavicle 

sternocostal- Anterior surfave of sternum superior 6 coastal cartilages, aponeurosis of EO

I:Lateral lip of intertubrcular groove of humerus

N: Laterl and Medial Pectoral N (C5,C6) and (C7,C8,T1)

A: Adduct and medially rotate humerus, draw scapula anterior and inferior.  Clavicular-flexes humerus , Sternocostal- extends humerus drom last flexed position

O: Ribs 3-5 near coastal cartilage.

I: Medial border and superior surface of coracoid process of scapula

N: Medial Pectoral N (C8,T1)

A: Stabilize scapula and draw it inferior and anterior to thoracic wall

PA: Junction of the 1st rib and coastal cartilage

DA: Inferior surface of middle 1,3 of clavicle

N: N to subclavius (C5,C6)

A: Anchors and depresses clavicle

PA: External surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-8 

DA: inferior surface of medial border of scapula

N: Long Thoracic N (C5-C7)

A: Protracts and holds scapula against thoracic wall, rotates scapula

SA: inferior border of rib above

DA: Superior border of rib below

N:Intercostal N

A:Elevate ribs with forced inspiration

SA:Inferior border of rib abov from sternum to angle of rib 

IA: Superior border of rib below

N: Intercostal N

A: Actie with forced inspirations

PA: Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between the, transverse procsses of all lumbar, 

DA: lesser trochanter of femur

N Ventral rami of lumbar(L1-L3)

A Primary hip flexor, stabilize hip joint, and external rotation of femur(Comes together with iliacus to form ilipsoas) 

PA: Sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervetrebal discs

DA: pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopectineal arch,(doesnt cross hip joint)

N: Lumbar plexus 

A: tilt posterior, and creates lordotic curve 

SA: Mastoid process

IA: ant manubrium, medial 1/3 of clavicle

N- C(1,2,3)

A:Bilateral:  thrusts chin fwd, flex chin to chest, extend atlanto-occipital joint  elevate manubrium and clavicle during respiration

unilateral: contra rotation, ipsi flexion

o: clavicular- medial half of clavicle 

    Sternal- ant sternum, coastal cartiladge ribs 1-6 and aponeurosis of EO

I- Lateral lip of Intertuburcular groove

N- Pectoral N

A- Medial roattion + adduction of humerus, shoulder flexion 

O: ribs 3-5 near coastal

I: medial border of scap, coracoid process 

N:pectoral N Med+ Lat (C8,T1)

A: Depress Scapula, draw inferiorllu and abducts scap, and elevates thorax during inhalation

O: First Rib, coastal cartilage 

I: Subclavian groove 

N subclavian N

A: depresses scapula 

PA: Iliac crest, Iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and sacro iliac ligament

DA: tendon of psoas major

N: Femoral N

A: same as Psoas Major, forms Iliospoas

PA: ASIS+ Iliac crest

DA: IT Band ( lateral epicondyle of the femur)

N: superior gluteal

A: forms IT Band, Flex hip, internal rotate, flexion of thigh, help keep knee extended 

PA: AIIS and Ilium superior to acetabulum 

DA: Base of Patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon 

N: Femoral N

A:Extend leg at knee joint, and helps iliospoas to flex thigh

PA: Intertrochanteric Line, and medial lip of linea aspera

DA: base of patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar tendon

N: femoral 

A: Flexes leg at knee and helps iliospsoas to flex thigh

Tests for: weakness in glute med and min of wieght bearing leg.  

Positive would be indicated bt a tilting of the anonimate towrads lifted leg

Lift and hold knee, but equal to table, and fall back.

tests for: tight hip flexor and and tight quad

(+) = leg is elevated off table- hip flexor

         leg is not bent at knee - rectus femoris

PT. side lying hip flexed, clear joint( clear IT band over the greater trochanter) 

Tests for IT band tightness

+= leg staying elevated once cleared 

PA: lateral lip of linea asperagreater trochanter 

DA: Base of patella, and tibial tube via patellar tendon

N: femoral N

A: flex leg at knee helps in thigh flexion

PA: ASIS 

DA: Pes Anserine (superior part of medial tibia)

N: femoral N

A: Figure four- flex thigh, externally rotate hip, and flex knee, as well as abduct

PA: Pecten Pubis, superior ramus of pubis

DA:Pectineal line of the femur

N: Femoral N

A: Adducts and flexes thigh

PA: Body of pubis inf to pubic crest

DA: medial 1/3 of Linea aspera

N: Obturator

A: adduct thigh

PA: Inferior ramus of pubis: 

DA: proximal linea aspera, pectineal line

N: obturator

A: Adduct thigh, flex hipa wee bit

PA: Inf Ramus of Pubis 

DA: Lateral tib (pes anserine)

N:Obtruator N

A: Adduct thigh, and flex knee int rot of hip

HAMSTRING PORTION          ADDUCTOR PORTION  

PA: Ischial tub               INf ramus of pubis, and ischium

DA:Adductor Tubercle     Glut tube, linea aspera,    

N tib portion of sciatic     obruator N

A: extend thigh              adduct and flex thigh

Pa:Ilium posterior to Pos glut line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx

DA: most fibers run to IT band

N Gluteal

A: extends thigh, assists in lat position, some knee stability

pa:External surface b/t and and pos gluteal line

DA: lat surface of Greater trochanter 

N: gluteal

A: powerful abductor, mdially rotate thigh, keeps pelvis leel when opp. leg raised 

PA:external surface of ilium, B/t ant and inf gluteal Lines

DA:Anterior sruface of greater trochanter 

N Gluteal N

A: Powerful abductor of hip, Lat rotate thigh

PA: landmark of muscle group

DA:

N: Gluteal

AL lat rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh, steadies femoral head in acetabululm 

PA: pelvic surfae fo obtruator membrane and surrounding bones

DA: medial surface of freater trochanter

N: Nerve to Obtruator Internus

A Lat rotate and extend thigh, abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head

PA: Ischial Spine

DA: medial surface of freater trochanter

N: Nerve to Obtruator Internus

A Lat rotate and extend thigh, abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head

PA:Ischial Tube

DA: medial surface of freater trochanter

N: Nerve to quadratis femoris

A: Lat rotate and extend thigh, abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head

PA: ischial tuberosity

DA: Surface of Superior tibia

N: Tibial division of sciatic nerve 

A: Flexion of the knee, internal rotation of femur w/ flexed knee  and extension of hip

PA: Ischial Tuberosity

DA:  medial tibial condyle

N: tibial portion of sciatic N

A: extend hip, flex knee, rotate femur w/ flexed knee

Biceps Femoris

(long head)

PA: Ischial tub

DA: lateral side of fibular head

N: Tibial portion of sciatic N

A: Flex knee, extend hip rotate laterally w/ flexed knee

hip flexion- 120             T-L spine flex 10 cm (60 deg)

hip extenstion- 20          T-L spine extend- 4-5 cm (25)

abduction- 40                T-L spine lat flex- 22cm (35)

adduction- 20                 rotate: 45

hip internal rot- 45

hip external rot-45

Biceps Femoris

(Long Head)

PA: Linea Aspera, lateral intercondyler line

DA: Lateral Fibular head 

N: Fibular portion of sciatic N

A: flex knee and roate laterally when knee flexed

Anterior:

Tibilais Anterior, Extensor hallicus longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius.

Lateral:

Peroneus longus, brevis 

Posterior( Superficial): 

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris 

Posterior (deep):

Tibialis Posterior, flexor digitorum longus, Flexor Halliucus longus,popliteus

PA: lateral condyle of tibia, prox/lat surface of tibia+interosseuos membrane

DA:medial cuneiform, base of the 1st metatarsal

N: Deep fibular

A: Inverts and dorsiflexes the foot

PA: Mid/ant surface of tibia and interosseus membrane

DA: distal phalnx of the first toe

N: Deep Fibular N 

A: Extend big toe, slight inversion/dorsiflexion of ankle

PA: Lateral Condye of tibia, prox/ant shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane

DA: middle/distal phalanges of metatarsals 2-5

N: Deep fibular N

A: Extend toes 2-5, slight dorsi/inv of ankle

PA: Distal/ ant. surface of fibula

DA: Dorsal Surface of 5th metatarsal 

N: deep fibular N

A: dorsiflex and eversion of the foot

PA: Fibular head, and proximal 2/3 of lat. fibula

DA: Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

N: Superior fibular N

A: Eversion of the foot, aids in plantarflexion of the ankle

PA: Distal 2/3 of lateral Fibula 

DA: base of the 5th metatarsal

N: superficial fibular N

A: Evert the foot, aids in plantarflexion if the ankle.

PA: condyles of the femur and posterior surfaces

DA: Calcaneus via achilles tendon

N: Tibial N

A: Flex the knee and plantaflex the ankle

PA: Soleal line proximal posterior surface of tibia and posterior aspect of head of fibula

DA: Calcaneus via achilles tednon

N: Tibial N

A: Plantarflex the ankle

PA: Lat. supracondyler line of femur

DA: Calcaneus via calcaneal tenon

N: Tibial 

A: Weak plantarflex + wk flexion of the knee

PA: mid/posterior surface of tibia

DA: all five tarsal bones, bases of metatarsals 2-5 

N: Tibial 

A: invert and plantarflex the foot and ankle 

PA: mid/post surface of tibia 

DA: distal phalanges of toes 2-5

N: Tibial

A: Flex toes 2-5, weak plantaflexion of ankle

PA:Middle 1/2 of post. tib

DA: distal phalanx of 1st toe

N: tibial 

A: Flexion of 1st toe weak plantarflexion and eversion of the ankle

PA: Lateral condyle of femur

DA: Proximal Post. aspect of tibia

N: tibial 

A: flexion of knee, medial rotation of flexed knee

First Layer:

abductor hallicus, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis 

2nd Layer:

Quadratis Plantae, Lumbricals

3rd Layer:

adductor hallicus, flexor hallicus brevis, flexor digiti minimi brevis 

4th Layer:

plantar and dorsal interossei

PA: Medial tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum of plantar aponeurosis

DA: medial side of base of phalnx of 1st digit

N: Medial Plantar

A: Abducts and flexes 1st digit

PA: Med tubercle of calcaneus tuberosity, plantar aponeruosis, and intermuscular septa

DA: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits

N: medial plantar

A: flexes lateral 4 digits

Abductor Digiti Minimi

PA: medial/late tubercles of calcaneal tuberosity, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa

DA: Lat side of base of 5th

N: Lat plantar N

A: Abducts and flexes little toe

PA: medial surface of lateral margin

DA: Lat. side of base of 5th

N: Lat. Plantar N

A: Abducts and flexes little toe

PA:tendons of flexor digitorum longus

DA: Medial aspect of expansion of lateral 4 digits

N Medial 1: medial plantar

   Lateral 3: Lateral Plantar

A: Flex proximal phalanges extend middle+distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits. 

PA: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms

DA: Both sides of base of proximal phalnx of 1st digit

N: Medial Plantar N 

A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit 

PA: Oblique head- bases of metatarsals 2-4

      tranverse head- Plantar ligaments ofMTP Joints

DA: Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit 

N:  Deep branch of lat. plantar 

A: Adduct 1st digit, assist in transverse arch

PA: Base of the 5th

DA: bas of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

N: superficial branch of lateral lantar N.

A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit.  

PA: Plantar aspects of medial sides of metatarsals 3-5 

DA: Medial sides of bases of phalanges of difits 3-5

N: lateral plantar N

A: Adduct digits 3-5+ flex MTP joints

Extrinsic superficial muscles of the back

PA: Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occiptial protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, sp of of c7-t2

DA: Lat 1/3 of clavicle, acromium, spine of scapula

N:Spinal Accesory 

A: Sup fib: elevate scapula

   Mid fib: Retract scap

    Inf. fib: deprerss scap

Latissumus dorsi

PA: Sp of inf 6 thoracic, thoraolumbar, fascia iliac crest, inf ribs 3-4

DA: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus 

N: Thoracodorsal N

A: extends adducts and medially rotates the humerus 

Rhomboid Major

PA: Sp of t2-T5

DA: medial border of scap from spine to the inf angle 

N: Dorsal scapular N

A: fix scapula to the thorax can assist w/ elevation of scap w/ levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

PA: Nuchal ligament and SP of C7-T1

DA: same as major

N: same as major

A: Same as major

Levator scapula

PA: Posterior tubercle of transverse processes C1-C4

DA: Superior aspect of med. border of scap

N: Dorsal scapular N

A: Elevates scapula, tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly, by rotating the scap in a downward direction

Extrinsic Intermediate

Serratus Posterior 

SA: SP of t11-12

DA: Inf borders of ribs 8-12 near angles

N: 2nd-5th intercostal N

A: Elevate ribs- no scapular attachment 

Intrinsic Superfcial layer 

splenus capitus

O: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T3

I: Mastoid process, superior nuchal ine of the occipital bone

N: Dorsal Rami o spinal N

A: alone: Ipsilateral flexion+ rotation

w/ splenus cerv- extend head and neck

Splenus Cervics

O: Ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T3

I: Tubercles of TP c1-c3or c4

N: Dorsal rami of spinal N

A: Same as Splenus Capitus

Intermediate Layer

Erector Spinae Group

O: Broad tendon from post. aspect of iliac crest post surface of sacrum, inf lumbar SP, supraspinatous ligament

I: Dorsal Bone of spinal N

A: Uni: Lat bending of vertebral column 

    tog: Extend head and neck

Iliocistalis: I: Angles of lower ribs and cervicle TP

Longissmus: I: to ribs superiorly b/t tubercle and angle of mastoid process

Spinalis: SP of thoracic and cervicle vertebrae, skull 

Deep Layer

Semispinalis

O: TP c4-t12

I: occipital bone SP in thoracic and cervical regions spanning segments 4-6 

N: Dorsal Rami of spinal N

A: Extend head, cervicle, and thoracic regions, contraateral rotation

Multifidus

O: Sacrum and ilium TP t1-t3

I: pass superiomedally to SP of vertebrae above spanning segments 2-4

N: dorsal rami of Spinal N

A: Stabilize the vertebrae during movement of vertebral column

Rotatores

O: TP of vertebrae best developed in thoracic area

I: Pass superiomedially to attach at the junction of the lamina and TP or SP of vertebrae abpv their origin spanng  segments 1-2

N: Dorsal rami of spinal N

A: Satbilize vertebrae assist with extension and rotary movements

L1-L4

Hip flexors: quads (Femoral) and adductors (Obtruator)

Obtruator N, Femoral N, Lumbosacral trunk

L5-S2

Inferior&Superior gluteal N, N to obtruator externus, Neve to Quadratis Femoris, Anterior rami,