Term
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Definition
| The mean kinetic energy of molecules |
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Term
| Why is does pH change with temperature? |
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Definition
| As temperatures increase past 25 degrees C kinetic energy of the molecules increases. As the enegery increases, the number of molecules that spontaneously ionise increases, causing an increase in the number of H and OH ions present, resulting in a drop in pH |
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Term
| What is the normal measured pH of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A dynamic equilibrium is a chemical equilibrium between a forward reaction and the reverse reaction where the rate of the reactions are equal. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of respiratory compensation of acidosis |
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Definition
| An increase in depth and frequency of breath (Hyperventilation) |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of CO2 in the alveoli (note the uppercase 'A') |
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Term
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Definition
The concentration of CO2 in the arteries
(note the lowercase 'a') |
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Term
| What is the difference between acidosis and acidaemia? |
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Definition
Acidosis - a process that is causing an increase in the H ions
Acidaemia - a net increase of pH that shows a decrease in pH |
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Term
| Is it possible to have acidosis and alkalosis concurrently? |
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Definition
| Yes, as they can be two different processes that are independent of each other |
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Term
| How long does it take renal correction to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take for respiratory compensation to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will respiratory compensation return the pH to a normal level? |
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Definition
| No, it will not correct the problem, only compensate for it. This is so that the kidneys still know they need to do something about the issue. |
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Term
| Can there be renal COMPENSATION? |
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Definition
| Yes, this happens in cases of chronic respiratory acidosis, but never in acute cases |
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Term
| What is the standardised base deficit? |
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Definition
| THE SBD is measured as the vertical distance between the point that the patient is sitting on the davenport diagram and the buffer line. If the patient is below the buffer line, the number will be positive, if they are above the buffer line then there is an excess of buffer and so the SBD will a negative number. |
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Term
| What points are plotted on the Davenport diagram? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which value is shown by curved lines on the Davenport diagram? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there differences in the buffer line between species? |
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Definition
Yes, this means that the SBD will not be zero for animal patients. The normals for animals follow:
-7 Cats
-2 dogs
+4 horses |
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Term
| Does PaCO2 change with 'herbivouness'? |
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Definition
| Yes,the more plant matter an animal consumes, the higher the PaCO2, this means that horses have a PaCO2 of 46, which cats have one of only 28. This is one of hte reasons behind the species differences in the buffer line |
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Term
| Which cations and anions are measured in a anion gap? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you have a large anion gap, what does this mean? |
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Definition
| It means that you have an increase in unmeasured anions, usually albumin |
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Term
| What should you do next, diagnostically, if you have a large anion gap? |
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Definition
Taking history into account, you should measure albumin (or at least TPP) and lactate.
In a horse that has done heavy, exercise, it is expected that lactate will be up and so this does not necessarily need treatment. |
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Term
| Can you use the davenport diagram to determine if the condition is metabolic or respiratory? |
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Definition
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