Term
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Definition
| Becca's best friend at Mount Ida College |
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Term
| when and where are subcutaneous fluids good to give? |
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Definition
not severe, maintenance
takes 6-8 hours to absorb
given over the shoulder blades |
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Term
| things not to do with subcutaneous fluids |
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Definition
do not over-fill
no hypertonic or irritating fluids
no fluids with dextrose above 2.5%
dextrose above 2.5% can cause sloughing or abscess |
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Term
| how much fluid can they generally give subcutaneously? |
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Definition
| 50-100% of daily needs, depending on size of animal and amount of loose skin |
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Term
| when do you use the oral route for fluid administration? |
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Definition
practical as long as the animal will drink it. the animal may be too dehydrated
absorbtion is slow! |
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Term
| when don't you use the oral route for fluid administration? |
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Definition
vomiting
severe disorders such as gastrointestinal, or introperitoneal
uncommon
can cause peritonitis |
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Term
| when do you use intraosseous? |
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Definition
no venous access
pediatics
exotics |
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Term
| what bones do you use for intraosseous injections? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do you give intraosseus injetions? |
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Definition
with a intraosseous needle, spinal needle
slow fluid rate because of limited area within the bone |
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Term
| is intraosseus injections a sterile technique? |
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Definition
| yes! want to prevent osteomyelitis |
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Term
| what is another name for intraosseous fluid injections? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does an animal get water? |
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Definition
drink it
ingest it in food
water from the metabolism of food |
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Term
| how does an animal loose water? |
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Definition
urine
fecal
sweat (horses)
respiration (dogs |
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Term
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Definition
measurable losses
ex.: Urine |
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Term
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Definition
loss that cannot be easily measured
ex.: fecal and respiratory losses |
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Term
| what can happen with decreased fluid intake? |
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Definition
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Term
| what can happen with increased fluid loss? |
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Definition
diarrhea
vomiting
ployuria
hemorrhage
burns |
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Term
| what is fluid maintenance? |
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Definition
amount of fluid required to sustain the body on a daily basis
daily intake = daily loss |
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Term
| what is the normal daily loss? |
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Definition
40-80 mg/kg/day
sensible plus insensible
higher for smaller patients, lower for larger patients |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of fluids needed to return a dehydrated animal to normal hydration |
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Term
| what are the on-going losses? |
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Definition
| fluid loss due to vomiting and diarrhea |
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Term
| how to determine the amount of fluid loss: |
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Definition
| estimate the amount you see, double it |
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Term
| what does the fluid tell you about the ongoing losses? |
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Definition
History: route of loss tells you the type of electrolytes lost and indicates types of fluid needed
ex.: vomiting: Na, K, Cl loss
Diarrhea: Na loss K loss chronically |
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Term
| what can you find out during a physical exam about fluid loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| what tests can you do to determine fluid loss? |
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Definition
Skin tugor test
pinching up a fold of skin and determine how long it takes to return to normal.
lumbar/thoracic area in dogs/cats (no scruff)
shoulder area in horses |
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Term
| what does the skin tugor test tell you about the animal? |
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Definition
| the longer the skin takes to return to normal, the more dehydrated the animal is. |
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Term
| what are other indications of dehydration? |
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Definition
dry mucous membranes
increased heart rate
weak, thready pulse
reduced jugular distension
prolonged capillary refill time |
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Term
| how are percentages used to determine dehydration? |
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Definition
<5%-undetectable
5-6%-subtle loss of skin elasticity
6-8%-delay in return of tented skin, slightly prolonged CRT
10-12%- skin remains tented, eyes prolonged CRT
12-15%- signs of shock, imminent death. |
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Term
| what are some laboratory findings for fluid loss? |
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Definition
packed cell volume (PCV)- increased with dehydration always evaluate in conjunction with TP (anemia)
total plasma protein (TP)- increased with dehydration
Urine specific gravity-
increased with dehydration |
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Term
| how much fluid to administer |
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Definition
maintenance dose
hydration deficit (rehydration dose)
ongoing losses |
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