Term
| 80% of Adult primary brain tumors are |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the 8 types of Gliomas |
|
Definition
1. Fibrillary Astrocytomas
2. Pilocytic Astrocytomas
3. Brain stem Gliomas
4. Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
5. Oligodendrogliomas
6. Ependymomas
7. Choroid Plexus Papillomas
8. Golloid cyst of the Third Ventricle |
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Term
| Fibrillary astrocytomas originate where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the histology of Fibrillary Astrocytomas |
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Definition
| Cells w/ Astrocytic nuclei |
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Term
| How does a low grade Fibrillary astrocytomas look like |
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Definition
| Gray/white infiltrative tumor w/ hypercellularity & nuclear pleomorphism |
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Term
| Name the two types of Fibrillary Astrocytomas |
|
Definition
1. Anaplastic Astrocytoma
2. Glioblastoma Multiforme |
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Term
| Describe an anaplastic Astrocytoma |
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Definition
| It'a a fibrillary astrocytoma w/ mitoses and vascular cell proliferation present w/ increased nuclear anaplasia |
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Term
| What is the most malignant Astrocytoma |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in Glioblastoma multiforme there are areas of the necrosis present w/ ? |
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Definition
| Serpingious patter (psudopalisading) & cystic change |
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Term
| Which growth factor is produced by malignant astrocytes that results in vascular and endothelial proliferation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a glomeruloid body? |
|
Definition
| Glioblastoma multiforme cell masses that protrude into the vascular lumina |
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Term
| A low grade Fibrillary astrocytoma has what molecular characteristics |
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Definition
| p53 inactivated and overexpression of PDGF-A receptor |
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Term
| in fibrillary astrocytomas when is there a inactivation of RB and p16 tumor suppressor genes? |
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Definition
| When it progresses to Glioblastoma multiforme |
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Term
| Describe a primary (de novo) glioblastoma. What percentage of patients have these |
|
Definition
| no p53 mutation, amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and 1/3 of patients |
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Term
| Describe a secondary glioblastoma |
|
Definition
| p53 mutation is present and amplification of epidermal growth factor |
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Term
| In what demographic are pilocytic astrocytomas present? |
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Definition
| children and young adults |
|
|
Term
| where are pilocytic astrocytomas found in the brain? What is it's presentation |
|
Definition
| cerebellum and frequent cystic presentation |
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Term
| Brain stem gliomas are present in what two groups |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of brain stem gliomas progress to glioblastomas |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma found? In what demographic? |
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Definition
| Temporal lobe of children and young adults |
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Term
| Give a clinical finding of Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the morphology of Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma |
|
Definition
1. Neoplastic astrocytes w/ lipid disposition
2. Chronic inflammatory infiltrates |
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Term
| This tumor is found in middle age patients and has a better prognosis than astroctomas |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical features of oligodendrogliomas |
|
Definition
| history of seizures and other neurological symptoms |
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|
Term
| Where in the brain does oligodendrogliomas originate |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe an oligodendrogliomas |
|
Definition
1. Gelatinous gray masses w/ cyst and hemorrhage; 90% have calcified
2. Sheet of cells w/ spherical nuclei & cytoplasmic halo |
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|
Term
| Where do Ependymomas arise from |
|
Definition
| ependymal layers of the ventricular system |
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|
Term
| Where is the primary site for ependymomas? in what decade does this happen in? Where is the most common site after this? |
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Definition
| 4th ventricle is the common primary site in the first 2 decades followed by the SC |
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Term
| Posterior fossa ependymomas is present in |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Ependymomas disseminates through the ___ |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Give the morphological characteristics of ependymomas |
|
Definition
1. Regular nuclei w/ granular chromatin
2. May form ependymal rosettes or perivascular pseudorosettes |
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Term
| Give the characteristics of Myxopapillary ependmyomas |
|
Definition
1. Benign and arise from the SC
2. Tumor cells in the papillae around the vessels & CT
3. Contains acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Solid and can be calcified
2. Slow growing nodules that attached to ventricular lining and protruding into ventricle |
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|
Term
| What are the two types of ependymomas |
|
Definition
| Myxopapillary ependymomas and subependymomas |
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|
Term
| Describe a choroid plexus papilloma |
|
Definition
| Looks like a normal choroid plexus w/ papillae covered by cuboidal or columnar cilitaed epithelium |
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|
Term
| How does a choroid plexus papilloma present |
|
Definition
| as hydroocephalus from either a direction obstruction or overproduction of CSF |
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|
Term
| What is the primary site for choriod plexus papilloma and in what age group |
|
Definition
| Lateral ventricles in children and 4th ventricles in adults |
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Term
| This glioma is associated w/ papvavirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's a colloid cyst of the thrid ventricle |
|
Definition
| non-neoplastic cyst containing proteinaceous material at the foramen of munro |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 Neuronal tumors |
|
Definition
1. Ganglioglioma
2. Gangliocytoma
3. Cerebral Neuroblastoma
4. Neurocytoma
5. Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial tumor |
|
|
Term
| Which Neuronal tumor as a temporal lobe origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Irregular clustered neural cells w/ glial component
2. Random neural distribution w/ frequent binucleated neurons |
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|
Term
| Gangliocytoma are composed of |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cerebral neuroblastoma is a rare agressive _____ tumor containing small cells with _______-_______ rosettes |
|
Definition
childhood tumor
Homer-wright |
|
|
Term
| Where are you most likely to find Neurocytoma and what do they look like |
|
Definition
adjacent to the foramen of Munro
Regular nuclei resembling oligodendrogliomas |
|
|
Term
| How does Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor present |
|
Definition
| Childhood cerebral tumor w/ seizures |
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|
Term
| Medulloblastoma is responsible for __% of __________ brain tumors in the _______ |
|
Definition
| 20% of childhood brain tumors in the cerebellum |
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|
Term
| Medulloblastoma disseminates through the ___ and can occluded it causing ______ |
|
Definition
| CSF causing hydrocephalus |
|
|
Term
| Is medulloblastoma malignant or bening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a medulloblastoma look histologically |
|
Definition
| Cellular and anaplastic w/ sparse cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei and abundant mitoses |
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|
Term
| Primary brain lymphoma is ____ and involves _____ & ______ |
|
Definition
| rare and involves nodes and marrow |
|
|
Term
| Primary brain lymphoma is assoicated w/ which virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the prognosis for primary brain lymphomas? can they treated w/ chemo? |
|
Definition
| very poor and are resistance to chemo |
|
|
Term
| Where do Germ cell tumors occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Germ cell tumors occur in _______ & ______ _____ and 10% of brain tumor cases in ____ |
|
Definition
adolescents and young adults
japan |
|
|
Term
| Germ cell tumors occur in these areas on the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pineal parenchymal tumors arise from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pinealocyte derived tumors that is well-differentiated w/out necrosis or mitoses |
|
|
Term
| Pinealoblastomas occur in ______ are highly aggressive, spread via the CSF and are composed of ______ _____ ____ _____ w/ mitosis & ______ |
|
Definition
children
densely packed small cells
necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What kind of tumor are meningiomas and they arise from where |
|
Definition
| benign and arise from arachnoid meningothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Meningiomas are seen mostly in what gender |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The symptoms of meningioma are due to |
|
Definition
| compression of the underlying brainor nonlocalizing |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a meningioma |
|
Definition
| Plaque like growth that spread along the dura surface & into the underlying bone |
|
|
Term
| this kind of tumors comprise half of the intracranial tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of tumors are the common source of metastatic tumor and from what areas |
|
Definition
Choriocarcinomas
1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Skin melanomas
4. Kidney
5. Gastro-intestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 types of Peripheral Nerve sheath tumors and from what kind of nerves do they arise from |
|
Definition
1. Schwannomas
2. Neurofibromas
3. Malignant
arise from peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the two growth patterns of Schwannomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe an Antoni A growth pattern. How about a Antoni B growth pattern |
|
Definition
Antoni A: Cellular areas arrange in facicles, interspersed w/ nuclear free processes termed "verocay bodies"
Antoni B: Loose mesh of cells w/ microcystic degernation & myxoid changes |
|
|
Term
| What's the most common intracranial location for schwannomas? How does it present |
|
Definition
| Cerebronpontine angle and presents w/ hearing loss and tinnitis |
|
|
Term
| What's an acoustic neuroma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurofibromas are composed of what? how do they present? |
|
Definition
| composed of spindle cells in fat or dermis and present as nodules |
|
|
Term
| These tumors arise on nerve trunks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plexiform neurofibrom can infiltrate nerves but cannot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malignant schwannomas arise from malignant ________ ________ _______ and not from malignant transformation of _______ _______ |
|
Definition
transformation plexiform neurofibromas
Benign Schwannomas |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of Phakomatoses |
|
Definition
1. Neurofibromatosis type one
2. Neurofibromatosis type two
3. Tuberous Sclerosis
4. von-Hippel-Lindau disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Neurofibromatosis type one |
|
Definition
| Multiple neurofibromas, acoustic gliomas, pigmented nodues of iris (Lisch nodules), cutaneous hyperpigmented macules (cafe au lait spots) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of inheritance is neurofibromatosis type one |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NF type one has a mutation where? what's the chromsome number |
|
Definition
| NF1 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17 |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of neurofibromatosis type two |
|
Definition
| bilateral acoustic schwannomas, multiple meningiomas |
|
|
Term
| What type of inheritance does NF type two have? Where is the mutation at? what chromosome? |
|
Definition
| autosomal dominant mutation in NF2 gene on chromsome 22 |
|
|
Term
| this tumor is characterized by benign tumors in the brain, hamartomas termed cortical tubers and various cyst and tumors in different organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's unqiue to Tuberous Sclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Von Hippel-Lindau Disease is characterized by |
|
Definition
| intracerebellar capillary hemangioblastomas, cyst in organs and renal cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| von-Hippel-Lindau is autosomal ______ and the mutation is in ___ tumor suppressor gene on chromosome __ affecting the protein _____ |
|
Definition
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