1. erythropoiesis 
2. leukopoiesis 
3. thrombopoiesis 

1. stem cell
2. differentiation

what are the 2 ways to classify anemia 

1. bone marrow response 
2. RBC size and hemoglobin concentration 

1. regenerative
2. nonregenerative 

1. normocytic
2. macrocytic
3. microcytic
4. hypochromic
5. normochomic 

1. mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
2. mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
3. mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

• mean corpuscular volume 
• average size of an RBC 

1. microcytic: small RBC 
2. macrocytic: large RBC 

• mean corpuscular hemoglobin 
• the average hemoglobin per red cell, in picograms 

• mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
• the average concentration of Hb/cell

1. normochromic
2. hypochromic
3. hyperchromic 

what are these and what do they usually indicate:

[image]

• reticulocytes 
• indicate immature release of RBCs due to blood loss 

what are the two types of reticulocytes shown:

[image]

1. punctate (single dot-short arrow)
2. aggregate (multiple dots-long arrow)

• what are the two forms of reticulocytes
• what species has them
• which form is usually counted 

• aggregate and punctate
• cats
• aggregates are usually counted 

1. multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
2. common myeloid progenitor 
3. common lymphoid progenitor 
4. megakaryocyte 
5. thrombocytes 
6. erythrocyte
7. mast cell
8. myeloblast
9. basophil
10. neutrophil
11. eosinophil
12. monocyte
13. macrophage
14. natural killer cell (large granular lymphocyte)
15. small lymphocyte
16. T lymphocyte
17. B lymphocyte
18. plasma cell 

[image]

of these 2 erythrocytes, which is a reticulocyte, and how can you tell

why do lymphocytes come from a different line than other WBCs

specific: lymphoid line (lymphocytes)

nonspecific: myeloid line (basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte)

[image]

what type of cells are these and label them

• reticulocytes 
• A. punctate
• B. regular reticulocyte 
• C. aggregate 

• because punctate reticulocytes persist for longer than average in the cat
• we only count aggregate reticulocytes to look for bone marrow response to anemia 

1. commercially available kits 
2. automated CBC might measure
3. NMB or brilliant cresyl blue added in 50:50 ratio with blood, wait 15 mins then examine
4. one drop of blood on slide + one drop of stain, mix well, create conventional blood smear 

1. under 1000x, find a field of evenly distributed RBC
2. mentally cut the field into quadrants of approx 25 RBC in each quadrant (100 cells per hpf)
3. count the number of reticulocytes per 100 RBC 
4. observe 10 fields for the reticulocyte count per 1000 RBCs

• in an automated CBC machine, the reticulocyte count is not really a count but rather a percentage 
• it reports the number of reticulocytes as a percentage of the number of RBCs
• in anemia, the patient's RBCs are depleted, thus this percentage is inaccurate and creates an erroneously high number 

correct the retic count:

retic count of 3, PCV of 15%

cats: 35%

dogs: 45%

1. reticulocytes 
2. blood borne parasites 

1. RBCs
2. platelets 
3. leukocytes 

• rikettsial organism
• gram negative bacteria 

• buffy coat 
• immunological testing 

• problem with clotting cascade
• dogs with nosebleeds 

what blood borne parasite is this:

[image]

1. feline infectious anemia (FIA)
2. mycoplasma haemofelis 

• small(0.2-0.5 mcm)
• coccoid, rod or ring shaped structures 

• occurs cyclically
• if suspected, check several samples throughout the day 

what blood borne parasite is this:

[image]

what blood borne parasite is this:

[image]

what blood borne parasite is this:

[image]

what is this blood borne parasite:

[image]

what is this blood borne parasite:

[image]

classify the anemia: 

[image]

why would this macrocytic hypochromic anemia be classified as regenerative:

[image]

1. With a stained blood smear, begin at 100x magnification and assess for overall cell numbers 
   
2. Scan entire slide for platelet clumps, large abnormal cells and fillarid worm larvae
3. Increase to higher power magnification (400x) to locate feathered edge and the adjacent monolayer of cells that are randomly distributed

4. Increase magnification to 1000x (oil immersion) once you have identified the preferred monolayer area 

   Count a minimum of 100 WBC and identify each type using a differential cell counter

5.  

   Use a differential cell counter to count 100 WBC

• labeled PMN or poly
• stands for polymorphonuclear neutrophil (mature neutrophil, segmented neutrophil)

which section would you use for a differential count:

[image]

1. myeloid 
2. lymphoid 

1. neutrophils 
2. lymphocytes
3. monocytes 
4. eosinophils 
5. basophils 

myeloid: neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils 

lymphoid: lymphocytes 

what type of cell is this and label the species:

[image]

• neutrophils 
• A. canine 
• B. feline 
• C. equine 
• D. bovine 
• E. band neutrophil 

neutrophils

80%

band=younger 

segmented=mature

[image]

label the neutrophil stages of maturity

1. myeloblast
2. promyeloblast
3. myelocyte
4. neutrophilic myelocyte 
5. band neutrophil
6. segmented neutrophil 

what type of cell are these:

[image]

what type of neutrophil is this:

[image]

• pinched=mature
• immature=horseshoe shaped 
• band neutrophils can have slight indentations, however if the indentation is >1/3 the width of the nucleus, it is a segmented neutrophil 

what is the large cell and what is the circled cell:

[image]

large cell: lymphocyte

circled cell: platelet 

• large 
• round to slightly indented 

1. B cells 
2. T cells 
3. natural killer (NK) cells 

small: mature

large: immature 

• reactive and granular
• inflammatory response 

what type of cell is this and label the species 

[image]

• lymphocytes
• A. canine
• B. feline
• C. equine 
• D. bovine 
• E. reactive 
• F. granular