Term
| What fluctuates with circadian rhythms> |
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Definition
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Term
| Which test abnormalities are likely to be more significant? multiple or single? |
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Definition
| Multiple test abnormalites |
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Term
| When should tests only be performed? |
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Definition
| when they alter the pt's diagnosis, prognosis, treatment or management. |
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Term
| What are more likely to cause incorrect results? clerical errors or technical errors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was JCAHO formed? (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations) |
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Definition
| to encourage the voluntary attainment of uniformly high standards in institutional medical care |
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Term
| What can be accredited by JCAHO? |
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Definition
Hospitals
Critical Access Hospitals (rural, small hospital)
Ambulatory Care Centers
Behavioral Health Care
Laboratories
Home Care
Long Term Care |
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Term
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Definition
College of American Pathologists
-provides accredidation to labs
the program helps laboratories achieve the highest standards of excellence to positively impact patient care. |
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Term
| What are bloodborne pathogens? |
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Definition
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans
-Hep B Virus (HBV)
-HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| Other Potentially Infectious Material |
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Term
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Definition
Exposure Control Plan
-such as after one is exposed to a bloodborne pathogen or OPIM |
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Term
| What must employers log by OSHA standards? |
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Definition
-employees injured by contaminated sharps
-employees exposed to blood or OPM and theeir ECP
-ECP must be updated yearly
-ECPs must beat no cost to employees and during work hours |
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Term
| What accounts for up to 80% of accidental exposure to blood? what are the other ways? |
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Definition
needlestick injuries
-glass capillary tubes, I.V. connectors, and disposable razors |
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Term
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Definition
| Personal Protective Equiptment |
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Term
| Which is more transmissable? Hep B Virus or HIV? |
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Definition
Hep B
-many people are unaware that they have the virus
-can survive for at least a wk in dried blood
-employersmust offer the Hep B vaccination to their employees |
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Term
| How is Hep C most commonly caused? |
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Definition
needlestick injuries.
- chronic infection develops in 75-85% of pts
-often with no symptoms |
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Term
| What is the leading reason for liver transplants in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| Hep C -causes liver disease in 70% of pts. -has no vaccine -no post-exposure therapy is known at this time |
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Term
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Definition
in the biohazardous containers such as:
-IV tubing used to administer blood, contaminated PPE and needles
-labeled in red and/or is in red bags |
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Term
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Definition
Clincial Laboratory Improvement Amendment
-regulates all laboratory testing (except research) performed on humans
-implemented by insurance companies (Medicaid) to accredit labs, uncertified labs are not covered by Medidaid/care |
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Term
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Definition
full-proof tests that can be over the counter, and are of low risk to the pt
-are cleared by FDA for home use
-pose no harm to the pt
-easy and accurate |
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Term
What do the following colors represent on blood collection tubes and what do they yiels
red
green
lavender
gray
light blue |
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Definition
red-no additive; yields serum
green- sodium, lithium or Ammonium Heparin; yields WB or Plasma
lavender- K2EDTA or K3EDTA; yields WB or Plasma
gray-Na Fluoride/K Oxalate or Na Fluoride/ Na2EDTA; yields plasma
light blue- Na Citrate/ CTAD; yields plasma |
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Term
| Why should you not shake RBCs? |
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Definition
| concerned about intracellular cations such as K |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a given disease or condition |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a test to correctly exclude individuals who do not have a given disease or condition. |
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Term
| Where does plasma have to come from? |
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Definition
| a venipunctured tube with anticoagulant in it |
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Term
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Definition
Plasma
Granulocytes (the -phils)
Agranulocytes (monocyte, lymphocyte)
RBCs
Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
anitcoagulated
The watery, liquid part of the blood in which the red blood cells, the white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. Clotting factors are present |
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Term
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Definition
coagulated
Pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. Clotting factors have been consumed |
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Term
| acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
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Definition
| a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, liver, and other organs. |
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Term
| acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
| - a rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow and blood. |
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Term
| allogeneic bone marrow transplantation |
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Definition
| a procedure in which a person receives stem cells from a compatible donor. |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited blood disorder affecting the alpha chains of the hemoglobin molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood disorder caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which blood is removed from a patient, certain fluid and cellular elements are removed, and the blood is then infused back into the patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of anemia that occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. |
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Term
| autologous bone marrow transplantation |
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Definition
| a procedure in which a patient's own bone marrow is removed, treated with anticancer drugs or radiation, then returned to the patient. |
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Term
| autosomal recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| a gene on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, which, when present in two copies, causes a trait or disease to be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited blood disorder affecting the beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| using the body's immune system to fight cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid part of blood that contains nutrients, glucose, proteins, minerals, enzymes, and other substances. |
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Term
| bone marrow aspiration and biopsy |
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Definition
| the marrow may be removed by aspiration or a needle biopsy under local anesthesia. In aspiration biopsy, a fluid specimen is removed from the bone marrow. In a needle biopsy, marrow cells (not fluid) are removed. These methods are often used together. |
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Term
| bone marrow transplantation (BMT) |
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Definition
| the transfusion of healthy bone marrow cells into a person after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment with drugs to destroy cancer cells. |
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Term
| chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
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Definition
| a slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced by the bone marrow and by organs of the lymph system. |
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Term
| chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Definition
| a slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. |
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Term
| complete blood count (CBC) |
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Definition
| a measurement of size, number, and maturity of the different blood cells in a specific volume of blood. Contains platelets, WBCs, RBCs… |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein in the blood that is needed to form the blood clot. |
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Term
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Definition
an inherited mutation (change in a gene) in factor V which increases a person’s risk for venous thrombosis.
Can cause pt to get PE or DVT |
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Term
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Definition
| a nutrient found in some green leafy vegetables, nuts, beans, citrus fruits, fortified breakfast cereals, and some vitamin supplements. Folic acid can help reduce the risk of birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD |
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Definition
a deficiency of an enzyme - G6PD - in red blood cells, causing hemolytic anemia.
Can’t take certain malarial drugs. |
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Term
| graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) |
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Definition
| when the donor’s immune system acts against the recipient’s tissue, after transplantation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells found in a specific volume of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of producing and developing new blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Also called iron overload disease.) - a metabolic disorder that causes increased absorption of iron, which is deposited in the body tissues and organs. The iron accumulates in the body where it may become toxic and cause damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| one type of anemia in which the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called coagulation disorder.) - an inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system...causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually making the body less able to fight infection. Steady enlargement of lymph glands, spleen, and other lymphatic tissue occurs. |
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Term
| idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
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Definition
blood disorder
-causes abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets resulting in internal bleeding
-can be acute or chronic |
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Term
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Definition
most common type of anemis
-lack of iron in the blood, which is necessary to make hbg |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure to remove excess lymphocytes from the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cancer of the blood-forming tissue. Leukemic cells look different than normal cells and do not function properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the lymphatic system; white blood cells that fight infection and disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare blood disorder caused by a deficiency of either folate (a B vitamin) or Vitamin B-12, resulting in an inadequate amount of red blood cells produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells). |
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Term
| myeloproliferative disorders |
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Definition
| diseases in which the bone marrow produces too many of one of the three types of blood cells: red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all the tissues in the body; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which makes blood clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system; causes the cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce, eventually causing tumors to grow. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells can also spread to other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of megaloblastic anemia in which the body does not absorb enough Vitamin B-12 from the digestive tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure to remove extra platelets from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| the most primitive, undeveloped blood cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood disorder where there is an increase in all blood cells, particularly red blood cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an inherited blood disorder characterized by defective hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood cells that produce other blood cells. It is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplantation |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited blood disorder in which the chains of the hemoglobin molecule are abnormal; alpha thalassemia is where a mutation occurs in the alpha chain, while beta thalassemia is where the mutation occurs in the beta chain; signs and symptoms of thalassemias vary from mild (little to no symptoms) to severe (life threatening). |
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Term
| transferrin saturation test (TS |
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Definition
| a type of iron study (blood test) that measures the percentage of transferrin and other mobile, iron-binding proteins saturated with iron. |
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Term
| What are the 17 general principles regarding laboratory medicine? |
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Definition
-under best circumstance, no lab is perfect
-choice of test should be made on probability of dx being sought
-all unchecked or suspicious results should be rechecked
-consider differentials when interpreting results as certain values may flucuate due to eating, exercise etc..
-5% of independent tests will be out side 'normal' range in absence of disease
-reference values are statistical data for 95% of the population
-lab values in a good lab tend to remain constant when performed with comparable technology
-multiple test abnormalities are more likely to be significant than single test abnormalities
-the degree of abnormality is useful
-not all pts with same disease will have same values
-excessive repetition of tests is wasteful
-only order tests if alter pt's dx, prognosis, tx or management
-clerical errors more likely than technical errors
-ref. ranges vary from one lab to another
-effect of drugs on lab tests must not be overlooked
-artifacts may cause spurious values and factitious disorders
-negative lab vallues do not necessarily rule out a clinical dx |
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Term
| What are bloodborne pathogens? |
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Definition
| pathogenic microorganisma present in human blood and can cause human disease (Hep B, HIV...) |
|
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Term
| What is the risk of infection with Hep B from a needlestick with HBV on it? HIV? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the anticoagulants in a tube with a red top? purple top? l.blue top? |
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Definition
-none
-EDTA (helps clear out blood vessels to yield plasma)
-sodium citrate/ CTAO |
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Term
| What is the primary purpose of CLIA? |
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Definition
| Ensure quality laboratory testing |
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Term
| How does CLIA ensure quality lab testing? |
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Definition
-establishes standards of accuracy, reliability and timeliness of pt. test results.
-categorizes tests levels of complexity
-labs must be certified every 2 years by CLIA and these standards
-lab personnel must be qualifies and competent |
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Term
| What are CLIA certification requirements? |
|
Definition
every 2 years
-submit proficient testing
-lab personnel qualified and competent |
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Term
| What are nonwaived tests? |
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Definition
of moderate to high complexity
-includes subcategory of PPM (provider preformed microscopy) procedures |
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Term
| List the parts of the microscope? |
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Definition
objective lens
eyepiece
arm
fine focus knob
course focus knob
base
light
diaphragm
stage
objective lens |
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Term
| How do you use the microscope? |
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Definition
-always start with the scanning objective
-do not remove slides with high power objective on
-don't use stage clips, move slide around to find something
-use coarse knob to refocus at new powers |
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