Term
| Disciplines Within Clinical Lab Medicine |
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Definition
| 1. Hematology 2. Urinalysis 3. Clinical Chemistry 4. Serology 5. Hemostasis 6. Transfusion medicine 7. Microbiology 8. Cytology 9. Histology |
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Term
| Types of Clinical Lab Facilities |
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Definition
| 1. Commercial 2. Hospital 3. Physicians office 4. Specialty Lab 5. Government Lab |
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Term
| 5 Indications for Ordering Lab Tests |
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Definition
1. Confirmation of clinical impression or establish diagnosis
2. Rule out a diagnosis
3. Monitor therapy
4. Establish a prognosis
5. Screen for health; preventative medicine; wellness care |
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Term
| How is a reference range determined mathematically |
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Definition
| Mean and standard deviation are calculated to establish normal distribution values. Therefore 95% of healthy normal results fall within +/-2 SD of mean value. 5% fall outside this range. |
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Term
| When are reference ranges of most value? |
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Definition
| When they are age, gender, and population specific |
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Term
| List the 3 main variables that affect test results |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the traditional US units and the SI or International Units |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Coefficient of Variation (CV) |
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Definition
| A statistical evaluation to determine if the variation of test results from multiple analyses is acceptable. The lower the CV the better. |
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Term
| Define Sensitivity vs Specificity |
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Definition
Sensitivity - identifies all true positives (SNOUT)
Specificity - has almost no false negatives (SPIN) |
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Term
| List 11 variables that can affect test results |
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Definition
| 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Race. 4. Pregnancy 5. Food(fast vs non-fasting) 6. Water consumption 7. Posture 8. Exercise 9. Menses 10. Medications 11. Surgical Procedures |
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Term
| What are the 7 sources of lab error |
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Definition
| 1. Analytic variation due to methodology 2. Improper patient instructions 3. Improper Specimen Collection 4. Awareness of diurnal variations 5. Faculty Specimen handling after collection 6. Faulty test result reporting 7. Laboratory error |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical and lab discipline pertains to blood and blood forming tissues |
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Term
| Sit of hematopoiesis in embryo |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the site of hematopoiesis in the 3rd to 7th month? |
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Definition
| Spleen; 4th and 5th marrow cavity esp. granulocytes and platelets; 7th month marrow cavity erythrocytes |
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Term
| What is the site of hematopoiesis from birth to adult? |
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Definition
Birth- mostly bone marrow; spleen and liver when needed
Adult - primarily bone marrow of axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| Red Blood cell production |
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Term
| What is the maturation chain of erythropoiesis? |
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Definition
| Stem cell-> Progenitor cell -> Rubriblast -> Prorubricyte -> Rubricyte -> Metarubricyte ->Reticulocyte -> Erythrocyte |
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Term
| RBC's require how many days for bone marrow development? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the nucleus disappear during erythrocyte maturation? |
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Definition
| The nucleus disappears after 2-3 days creating bone marrow reticulocytes |
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Term
| What is the lifespan of a RBC in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The last immature stage of RBC maturation after the nucleus is extruded in the bone marrow. It is slightly larger than an erythrocyte |
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Term
| Why would reticulocytes have a polychromatic (blue) appearance when stained with Wright stain? |
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Definition
| Reticulocytes contain residual fragments of cytoplasmic RNA and fragments of mitochondria. |
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Term
| What affect does supravital stain have on reticulocytes? |
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Definition
| A reticulofilamentous material appears |
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Term
| When do reticulocytes finish maturing? |
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Definition
| 1 to 2 days after entering the peripheral circulation |
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Term
| What percentage of circulating RBCs are reticulocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does erythropoietin do? |
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Definition
| Hormone that stimulates erythrocyte synthesis |
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Term
| Where is erythropoietin produced? |
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Definition
| Kidney peritubular interstitial cells |
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Term
| How does erythropoietin stimulate erythrocyte synthesis? |
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Definition
| Increases the number of stem cells that commit to rubriblasts; Speeds maturation time by 20-30%; Early release of immature cells into peripheral circulation |
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Term
| What are the constituents of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Four globin chains (2 pairs) & four heme molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| When iron is enzymatically inserted into protoporphyrin |
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Term
| What test can be used to determine different types of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin electrophoresis |
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Term
| What globin chains are predominant in fetus and from birth on? |
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Definition
| Alpha and gamma for fetus and alpha and beta for adult |
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Term
| How much of ingested iron is absorbed? |
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Definition
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