Which thinker suggested that children are innately good?

- Jean-Jacques Rousseau

- John Locke

- Alfred Binet

- Sigmund Freud

- John Watson

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Rousseau suggested that children are innately good, and that environment, rather than heredity, plays the major role in shaping any negative changes in their dispositions and personalities.

According to Freud, ego...

- provides rational ways of coping with frustration

- is driven by the quest for pleasure

- is our moral base that seeks to force us to follow the rules

- is biological and present at birth

- prevents us from making rational decisions

provides rational ways of coping with frustration

The ego, in allowing us to make rational decisions, places checks on the id, which makes demands of a more impulsive nature.

Freud called his theory of child development ...

- psychosexual

- epigenetic

- psychosexual

- emergent

- cognitive-behavioral

Psychosexual

Freud explained his theory of child development in terms of psychosexual stages (i.e., oral, anal, phallic)

Erik Erikson called a period of serious questioning and soul-searching....

- a paradox

- unusual

- unhealthy

- an identity crisis

- an inward quest

an identity crisis

Erik Erikson's theories of development center on several central dichotomies (i.e., trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame) of social identity. According to Erikson, an identity crisis occurs when an important decision must be made about how to live one's life and which social roles one is to adopt.

Johnny has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. Johnny wakes up, and finishes his urination by going to the bathroom. Over time, Johnny stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to treating bed-wetting?

- Psychodynamic theory

- Psychosocial theory

- Cognitive theory

- Learning theory

- Social modeling

Learning theory

Learning theory involves the active application of stimuli in order to foster acquisition of knowledge. In this quite simple case, the bell helps Johnny learn to wake up at night to urinate, rather than sleep through the night with wet pants.

Albert Bandura is a ...

- behaviorist

- psychoanalyst

- humanistic theorist

- Neo-Freudian theorist

- social cognitive theorist

social cognitive theorist

Bandura is an important social-cognitive theorist who advocates observational learning (or "modeling") as a key form of shaping behavior and knowledge. According to Bandura, therefore, other people play a great role in enabling us to learn.

Which of the following would be consistent with social cognitive theory?

- Children internalize the traits of other people to form their identities.

- Identification occurs as children imitate the behavior patterns of others.

- Observational learning always occurs without thought or intention.

- Traits are inherited and are not influenced by environmental events.

- Identity is an inactive process that is genetically based.

Identification occurs as children imitate the behavior patterns of others.

According to Bandura and proponents of social cognitive theory, identification is very much an active process wherey children often purposefully imitate behavior patterns in order to create an identity of their own.

Which of the following theorists would be most interested in how children perceive and mentally represent the world?

- Bandura

- Skinner

- Erikson

- Piaget

- Gardner

Piaget

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget, through observations involving his own and other children, became interested in children's active perceptions and mental representations of the world.

Ethology is an example of ...

- a biologically-oriented theory of development

- a strict information processing approach to studying development

- a stage theory for studying cognitive development

- a behavioristic method for studying cognition

- a moral view of development

a biologically-oriented theory of development

Ethology is a theory of developent that takes its cue in many ways from evolutionary theory, concentrating on traits that are inborn or dependent on "critical periods" for their eventual emergence.

Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of....

- mesosystems

- exosystems

- macrosystems

- microsystems

- inter-related systems

macrosystems

Cross-cultural studies examine the effects of macrysystems, in which children's larger cultural milieu affects the trajectory of their development.

Dr. Manquero has the hypothesis that ingesting chocolate prior to an exam will improve exam performance. She gives half of her participants' chocolate and the other half gum, and then gives them an exam. In this experiment, what is the experimental group?

- The group that chews gum

- The performance on the exam

- The group that eats chocolate

- There is no experimental group

- Both groups could be considered the experimental groups

The group that eats chocolate

The experimental group interacts with the variable to be manipulated and studied (in this case, the chocolate), as opposed to the control group, which interacts with either no variable or with a different variable (i.e. the gum).

An experiment seeks to determine the influence of ...

- the hypothesis on the subjects

- the dependent variable on the independent variable

- the experimental group on the control group

- single-blind versus double-blind techniques

- independent variable on the dependent variable

independent variable on the dependent variable

Experiments seek to determine the influence of an independent variable (i.e., gender) on a dependent variable (i.e. mathematical ability)

In an experiment, subjects given various amounts of alcohol drive a course marked by orange pylons. The independent variable in this experiment is the ...

- various amounts of alcohol consumed

- subjects' driving ability before alcohol consumption

- subjects' driving ability after alcohol consumption

- orange pylons

- individual subjects themselves

various amounts of alcohol consumed

The independent variable in this experiment is the various amounts of alcohol consumed; the level of alcohol would affect the dependent variable (driving ability).

The repetition of an experiment by another experimenter at another time and place is called ...

- duplication

- replication

- experimental review

- repetition

- copyright infringement

replication

An experiment is replicated when it is conducted by a different experimenter at a different place and time.

The first two weeks of prenatal development is called the ....

- fetal stage

- embryonic stage

- germinal stage

- zygotic stage

- conceptual stage

germinal stage

The first two weeks of prenatal development, in which implantation of the cells occurs within the uterine wall, is known as the germinal stage.

Which of the following represents cephalocaudal development?

- The fact that growth spreads outward from the spine

- The fact that we tend to develop from the head down

- The fact that inner organs grow faster than organs at the extremities

- Development starts with the sensory systems

- Growth of the hands and feet

The fact that we tend to develop from the head down

Development tends to occur from the head (the Greek root "ceph") downward ("caudal"); hence, the relatively large appearance of the fetal head, and the early development of the brain.

The amniotic sac ....

- helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

- provides nutrients to the developing fetus

- filters germs and drugs away from the developing fetus

- is present during only the first two trimesters of pregnancy

- None of these is accurate

helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

The amniotic sac, present throughout pregnancy, protects the fetus and helps it maintain an even temperature. It is the placenta that provides all-important nutrients to the fetus.

Environmental agents that can harm the embryo or fetus are called ....

- toxins

- critical agents

- teratogens

- encephalons

- reactive toxins

teratogens

Teratogens such as drugs, alcohol, or infectious disease, can harm the fetus via the maternal bloodstream.

HIV CANNOT be transmitted by ...

- sexual relations

- blood transfusions

- breast-feeding

- shared needles

- HIV CAN be transmitted all of these ways

Which of the following features is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

- Smaller-than-average brain

- Low levels of infant activity

- Poor vision

- Larger-than-average physical growth

- Narrowly-spaced eyes

Smaller-than-average brain

Children exposed to alcohol in utero (fetal alcohol syndrome) have smaller-than-average brains, leading to a host of learning disabilities.

Polygenic traits ...

- are transmitted by a single pair of genes

- are uncommon in humans

- are transmitted by the mother

- are transmitted by combinations of pairs of genes

- involve chromosomal abnormalities

are transmitted by a combinations of pairs of genes

Polygenic traits are transmitted by combinations of pairs of genes from each parent.

Scientists took genetic material from one sheep to clone Dolly, making her genetically identical to the other sheep from which she was cloned. Cloning uses the process of ...

- mitosis

- chromosomal replacement

- autosome reproduction

- meiosis

- genetic evolution

mitosis

Mitosis involves the replication of a genetic code into different cells.

If you change a baby's position and its reaction is to arch its back, fling its arms and legs out, and then bring them back toward the chest, what reflex has occurred?

- Grasping reflex

- Moro reflex

- Palmar reflex

- Rooting reflex

- Parachute effect

Moro reflex

Babies possess several primitive reflexes that are then integrated into the more mature, voluntary patterns of bodily movement. One such example is the Moro reflex, in which the baby flings its arms backwards above the head in response to sudden movement.

In terms of visual tracking in the neonate ...

- many neonates can track all objects the first day after birth

- several weeks of experience are required

- it is dependent on prenatal stimulation

- it will not beobserved for several months after birth

- certain forms of tracking may develop before others

Certain forms of tracking may develop before others

Visual tracking, an early benchmark of alertness and cognitive development involves following an object in many directions, including horizontal, vertical, and circular. Certain forms of tracking may well develop before others.

Newborns show preference for sounds ...

- that are very low in pitch

- that match their native language

- that are always musical in nature

- that match the rhythms of speech

- they show no preferences

that match the rhythm of speech

Exposed to speech in the womb, infants have been shown to gravitate toward sounds that match the rhythms and cadences of the speech to which they have already become accustomed.

In comparison to adults ...

- infants show very different responses to tastes

- infants prefer wour tastes significantly more

- infants show a preference for things that do not taste like water

- infants show a preference for sweet tastes

- infants cannot taste much at all

infants show a preference for sweet tastes

Infants have taste preferences, tending to recoil from sour tastes and to gravitate toward the soothing effects of sweet tastes.

Which of the following acurately describes what a toddler will do when confronted with a steep slope while walking?

- They will adamantly refuse to go down it.

- They usually will stop and crawl down the slope

- They cannot tell the difference and will try to walk down it, usually falling down

- They cannot go down any slopes until about age 2

- They will immediately trip due to the shift in surface

They will stop and crawl down the slope

Attesting to emergent depth perception, toddlers will crawl down the "dangerous" slope.

The greatest gains in visual acuity occur ...

- from 9 to 12 months

- from 1 to 2 months

- from birth to 6 months

- not until late childhood

- from 12 to 18 months

from birth to 6 months

Visual acuity develops at its sharpest rate between birth and six months of age, at which point it begins to develop more gradually.

Once motor development has been deprived ...

- the damage can be improved with intervention

- the damage is irreversible although minimal progress can be made

- social and intellectual funcitoning will decline as well

- primitive reflexes will prevail throughout life.

- None of these is accurate

the damage can be improved with intervention

Research has shown that intervention CAN assist with motor development, even given a background of sensory deprivation.

Improvement in memory probably indicates....

- reduced encoding of information

- increased inefficiency in retrieving stored information

- lower quality foods and less nutritional diet

- increased experiences with the environment

- greater self-reflection

increased experiences with the environment

Memory can be improved by increased exposure to stimuli, by enhanced encoding (storing) of information in long-term memory, and by increased ease and efficiency in retrieving the stored information.

Which of the following is NOT a stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

- Sensorimotor

- Hypothetical

- Concrete operational

- Preoperational

- Formal operational

Hypothetical

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Piaget believed....

- that development is haphazard, random, and based on experience

- cognitive developments are stage-based and universal

- children learn in different sequences based on their environment

- perception is too directly linked to sensation to separate the two

- that social and cognitive development occur in separate strands

cognitive developments are stage-based and universal

Piaget believed that development unfolds in an orderly, stage-based sequence that is universal in nature.

An abstract, generalized account of repeated events is called ...

- a script

- a chunk

- a hierarchy

- a semantic node

- a narrative

a script

According to Piaget, we possess a variety of abstract, generalized scripts that enable us to anticipate reactions to given events.

Memory for events that happened in one's life is called ...

- hedonistic memory

- egocentric memory

- autobiographical memory

- self-centered memory

- semantic memory

autobiographical memory

Autobiographical memory compromises our memory of specific events in our individual pasts.

With cognitive scaffolding ....

- children are taught complex tasks so that easier ones are more readily understood

- the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled

- permanent help is given that the child then becomes dependent upon

- the amount of help given is increased as the child ages

- children are taught according to the "lowest common denominator".

the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled

The concept of scaffolding involves the giving of temporary assistance to a child until the child is more capable of performing the task in question individually; the amount of assistance is gradually decreased.

How questions are worded may influence whether the child can answer correctly. This is an example of ...

- a heuristic

- a cardinal rule

- a demand characteristic

- a placebo effect

- sociocultural bias

a demand characteristic

Demand characteristics (i.e., the specifics of a question or of a task) may influence how a child responds to/performs a task.

A preoperational child would assume ...

- that taller glasses hold more than short glasses

- that objects that are out of sight have ceased to exist

- that subtraction is easier than addition

- that substance comes before form

- that operations are reversible in nature

that taller glasses hold more than short glasses

According to Piaget, a child in the preoperational stage of cognitive development would assume that because form supersedes substance, a taller glass would by definition always be holding, at any given moment, more water than a shorter glass.

When does "pretend play" usually appear?

- by about age 6 months

- by about 9 months

- sometime early in the second year

- by about age 36 months

- by 12-18 months of age

sometime early in the second year

Complex pretend play - moving from performing one action on an object to performing a series of related, representational events usually emerges sometime early in a child's second year.

A key component of information processing views of cognitive development includes ...

- expansive attention

- random retrieval processes

- intuitive grasping of environmental cues

- a limit on how much information can be stored in long-term memory

- selective attention processes

selective attention processes

Information processing theorists stress our ability to selectively attend to the more important pieces of information we receive, in order to encode this information and transfer it to long-term memory

Jimmy looks at his homework and decides he had better do math first because it always takes him longest. Jimmy is....

- using metacognition

- poor at math

- probably better on verbal tests

- using a recognition strategy

- is an unusally self-aware child

using metacognition

Jimmy is employing the strategy of metacognition, in which he is able, in effect, to "think about thinking," to weigh his cognitive processes - his strengths and weaknesses - and decide, accordingly, how best to proceed with a given task.

Mean length of utterance refers to ...

- the average number of words a child uses in a sentence

- the total number of sounds a child makes trying to express himself/herself

- the average number of letters in the child's usual utterances

- the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence

- the average number of syllables a child uses in a sentence

the average number of morphemes a child uses in a sentence

Mean length of utterance refers to the average numer of morphemes - basic units of meaning - contained in a child's current typical sentence.

A child learns to call a dog "bow-wow and now calls all animals he sees "bow-wow." This is an example of ...

- telegraphic speech

- over-extension

- egocentric speech

- morpheme

- semantic categorization

Over-extension

The child is over-extending the term "bow-wow" to comprose all animals he sees. Over-extension is a common, and logically-framed, method of acquiring meaning in early language.

Go

"Go" is one of he most common infant first words, as it refers to something concrete the infant sees (i.e., a car "going") or requests (i.e. "go away")

When is the infant's first word typically spoken?

- between 11 and 13 months

- usually by age 10 month

- not before 24 months

- many children speak their first words by 8 months

- by 15 to 16 months

Between 11 and 13 months

Most infants speak their first true word between the ages of eleven and thirteen months.

Vocalizations that do NOT represent objects or events are called ...

- random

- non-sensical

-prelinguistic

- paralinguistic

- jargon

prelinguistic

Prelinguistic utterances do NOT represent objects or events, whereas jargon, which in tone and inflection may sound like language but do not contain an actual word.

Grammar refers to ...

- how many syllables in the word that have meaning

- which words make sense together in a sentence

- rules about how words should be pronounced

- diagramming of sentences

- rules of body language

Which words make sense together in a sentence

A language's grammar dictates how words will combine to create meaningful sentences. For instance, "The pig more" would not make sense, whereas "The pig wanted more" would make sense via the inclusion of one key word.

Language development is ...

- unpredictable

- sequenced and step-like

- highly dependent upon genetics

- gender specific in timing

- solely dependent on environmental factors

sequenced and step-like

Provided no disorder is present, language development should, across culture and gender, be sequenced and step-like.

If intelligence is capacity, then achievement is ...

- learning ability

- genetic ability

- attainment

- environmentally determined

- not ultimately necessary

attainment

Achievement involves what we do, or attain, with our capacity for intelligence.

Which theorist developed intelligence testing methods at the turn of the twentieth century?

- Simon

- Binet

- Spearman

- Erikson

- Stanford

Binet

It was Frenchman Alfred Binet who developed intelligence testing methods at the turn of the century.

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of intelligence according to Sternberg's theory?

- analytical

- practical

- creative

- subjective

- none of the above

subjective

According to Robert Sternberg's triarch, analytical, practical, and creative are the three key types of intelligence.

When using the Binet-Simon scale, what is meant by "Mental Age"?

- How old the child is physically

- The child's ultimate predicted capacity for knowledge

- How old the child will be before he/she reaches average intelligence

- The age at which IQ can begin to be tested

- The intellectual level at which the child is functioning

The intellectual level at which the child is functioning

Mental age, as opposed to the chronological age, refers to the intellectual level at which the child is currently functioning.

Mothers of securely attached infants ...

- are less likely to be affectionate to their children

- respond insensitively to their babies' social behaviors

- provide unpredictable caregiving

- respond with excessive alarm when their children are upset

- are in-tune with their babies and are predictable caregivers

are in-tune with their babies and are predictable caregivers

Mothers of securely attached infants readily pick up on their children's behavioral and emotional cues.

Which parent generally provides more opportunities for attachment bonding?

- There is no difference

- Fathers, because they play with the infants more

- Mothers, because they provide significantly more basic care

- It varies greatly from culture to culture

- Mothers, because they are culturally dictated to do so

Mothers, because they provide significantly more basic care

In most cases, the mother, cue to both biologically and culturally-biased factors, provides significantly more basic care, and is therefore available for more bonding opportunities.

Barney is a 4-month old infant who appears withdrawn, depressed, and is losing all interest in the world.

- Barney may suffer from early onset schizophrenia

- Barney probably has severe neurological damage

- Barney may be the victim of social deprivation

- Barney may be displaying early signs of mental retardation

- Barney may be autistic

Barney may be the victim of social deprivation

With few opportunities for attachment and secure emotional development, Barney is withdrawing, and is highly likely a victim of social deprivation. Although children with autism typically withdraw, four months old is too early for a child to be diagnosed autistic.

A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. The observing child, likewise, stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of ....

- social referencing

- secure attachment

- insecure attachment

- activation of reflexes

- classical conditioning

social referencing

The observing child is engaging in social referencing, taking cues from another child as a behavioral model.

"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called ...

- temperament

- personality

- self-concept

- genotype

- identity

personality

The individual's unique personality dictates the distinctive ways of responding to people and events.

Which of the following is TRUE about toddler play?

- They engage in complex interactive play

- They may imitate each other, but often do not interact

- They do not imitate each other as they have not learned this yet

- They engage in simple interactive play

- Toddlers play only near adults, as other children scare them at this stage.

They may imitate each other, but often do not interact.

Toddlers often engage in parallel play, in which they may imitate each other, play alongside each other, but may not necessarily interact.

Why might boys and girls show gender-stereotyped toy and activity preferences?

- There are possible biological factors

- Parents may encourage this thorugh toy purchases and actions

- These differences are role-modeled through television and other media

- Other children may encourage them.

- All of these

All of these

Despite well-meaning parents' and teachers' attempts to prevent gender-stereotyping, this phenomenon is alive and well due to all the above, and many other, reasons.

Prosocial behavior is also sometimes referred to as ....

- Non-centrism

- Empathy

- Altruism

- Sympathy

- Moral action

altruism

Prosocial behavior is also known as altruism - engaging in a behavior helpful to others without any necessary expectation of reward

Which of the following is TRUE about the connection between person-oriented aggression and cognitive development?

- There is no relationship

- There is an inverse relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression diminishes

- The relationship has not been studied, therefore the question cannot be answered.

- There is a positive relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression tends to increase.

- Aggression has been shown to be correlated more with social, rather than cognitive, development.

There is an inverse relationship. As children mature cognitively, aggression diminishes.

Once children mature cognitively, they are more likely to be able to consider others' points of view, and so become less impulsively aggressive toward others.

Parents are more likely to abuse....

- sick or unhealthy children

- firstborn children

- full-term infants

- girls

- boys

sick or unhealthy children

Due to the frustration involvedi n raising a sick or unhealthy child, parents are likely to be impatient and abusive.

What attachment pattern would you expect in a non-familial perpetrator of sexual child abuse?

- Secure

- Insecure

- There is no relationship between attachment and sexual child abuse

- over-secure

- ambivalent

insecure

Due to the unpredictable nature of behavior in a sexually abusive relationship, attachment would be insecure at best.

Which of the following represents "regression" on the part of a sibling when another sibling is born?

- wanting to help mommy take care of the new baby

- the younger sibling attempting to imitate the older sibling

- the older child having toilet accidents even after having been potty trained

- the older sibling wanting a little extra attention

- the older sibling wanting to play alone

the older child having toilet accidents even after having been potty trained

An older sibling, upon the birth of a sibling, might regress by reverting to potty accidents or requesting long-abandoned bottles or pacifiers.

A self-reliant child is most likely to have been raised by ...

- authoritarian parents

- permissive parents

- indulgent parents

- authoritative parents

- neo-authoritarian parents

authoritative parents

Authoritative parents who are able to combine structure with the encouragement of independence are most likely to raise self-reliant children.

What may enhance the success of early intervention programs?

- Prior participation by siblings

- Discontinuing the intervention upon entry into early elementary school

- Selecting tutoring in place of family support

- Inexperienced clinical staff

- The involvement of parents

The involvement of parents

Early intervention programs, provided they are run by well-trained staff and supported by highly-involved family members, have been shown to improve child performance onward to the elementary school years.

What are the effects of television viewing by children?

- It clearly has positive effects on impulse control.

- It causes children to be more restless.

- It stifles the imagination.

- It probably depends on what shows are being watched.

- It is detrimental to the child's current course of study.

It probably depends on what shows are being watched.

While television is often viewed as a societal evil, children can benefit from watching certain educationally or culturally sound programming. In other words, caution should be exercised when helping to shape a child's viewing habits.

The more complex the child's social cognitive capacity _____. 

- the more friends the child tends to make

- the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become

- the more likely the child is to do whatever the parents ask

- the more isolated the child feels

- the more developed the self-esteem

the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become

The more complex the child's social-cognitive capacity (i.e. moral development, empathy, and self-concept), the more complex the child's perceptions of relationships may become, due to increased understanding in this realm.

Children who are depressed tend to interpret failures as ....

- undeserved

- external

- specific

- unstable

- internal

internal

Children suffering from depression tend to internalize failure (i.e. self-blame)

Which of the following is NOT one of Selman's five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood?

- egocentrism

- assume one perspective is right

- understands intention

- believes in universal rules

- understands perspective of the larger social group

Believes in universal rules

According to Robert Selman, one of the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood would NOT believe in universal rules.

According to Erikson, middle childhood children are in the _____ stage of psychosocial development.

- industry vs. inferiority

- initiative vs. guilt

- trust vs. mistrust

- dependence vs. independence

- generativity vs. stagnation

industry vs inferiority

Children passing through middle childhood are in the industry vs inferiority stage of psychosocial development, attempting mastery of tasks and boosting self-esteem in the process.

What is the first stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson?

- Initiative vs guilt

- Autonomy vs shame and doubt

- Trust vs mistrust

- Industry vs inferiority

- Intimacy vs isolation

Trust vs mistrust

According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development (infancy) involves basic trust vs mistrust; this allows the infant to become ultimately secure in his/her environment.

During which stage of development does the Oedipus complex occur?

- Oral stage

- Anal stage

- Phallic stage

- Latency stage

- Genital stage

Phallic stage

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex, in which the male child's feelings for the mother are acted out in a fearful and hostile manner toward the father, occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

When do the greatest gains in identity formation occur?

- after marriage

- during the college years

- during junior high school

- during high school

- during middle childhood

during the college years

The college years, in which separation from home and family and exposure to multiple novel points of view occur, lead to experimentation with identity.

When we say that self-concept has become more "differentiated" what does this mean?

- The adolescent has placed self-descriptors into a small number of caregories

- That self and self-esteem have become separated

- That more categories have been added to one's self-description

- All of the above

- None of the above

That more categories have been added to one's self-description

Self-concept (the sense of self) becomes more differentiated and complex when we add newly-generated categories to our self-description

A six-day-old infant sucks on a nipple in order to eat. A psychologist would NOT view this as the result of learning because ....

- it is a physical behavior

- all forms of eating behaviors are unlearned

- infants can't learn

- the behavior did not require any experience

- this is a reflex

The behavior did not require any experience

While sucking in infants is indeed a reflex, a psychologist would be more apt to concentrate on the fact that experience, one of the hallmarks of learning, did not produce the sucking behavior.

If you salivate at the sight of McDonald's "Golden Arches," you are evidencing ....

- an unconditioned response

- a reflex action

- a conditioned response

- learned helplessness

- shaping

a conditioned response

We might salivate at hunger as an unconditioned response, but if we experience the "Golden Arches" as an additional cue for humber and salivation, we are salivating at a now conditioned response.

Seligman's learned helplessness experiment showed that the dogs who were initially shocked while in harnesses....

- showed an improvement in behavior when the situation was changed

- learned to tell the differencebetween situations where their behavior made a difference and situations when it didn't

- came to associate the presence of the harness wiht the pain of the shocks

- generalized passive behavior to subsequent situations

- made every attempt to avoid being shocked again

generalized passive behavior to subsequent situations

The concept of learned helplessness demonstrates the inability to make active attempts to avoid certain outcomes.

If a previously extinguished response reappears, the phenomenon is referred to as....

- secondary learning

- extinction

- an unconditioned response

- the Premack Principle

 - spontaneous recovery

spontaneous recovery

the above mentioned phenomenon is referred to as spontaneous recovery

In Watson's experiment with Albert, the unconditioned response was....

- fear of the rat

- a loud noise

- a white rat

- fear of the loud noise

- a bell

fear of the loud noise

In this famous experiment, the unconditioned (primary) response was fear of a loud noise, which was then paired with a rat to create the conditioned response of fear of the rat.

Operant conditioning requires....

- reinforcing the desired behavior

- pairing a conditioned and an unconditioned stimulus

- pairing a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response

- punishing a trial-and-error behavior

- positive reinforcement

reinforcing the desired behavior

In operant conditioning, behavior is reinforced to create the likelihood of its recurrence.

Often at the beginning of the school year, a teacher has to punish a child in the class for breaking a classroom rule. Usually, from that one experience, the other children in the class learn what is acceptable and what is not. This situation MOST CLEARLY represents an example of....

- pseudoconditioning

- insight learning

- observational learning

- operant behavior modification

- classical conditioning

observational learning

Observational learning (or social modeling) involves witnessing others' behaviors and increasing/decreasing one's own behavior patterns based on the observed consequences.

Which of the following has been shown to lower drop-out rates effectively?

- Head Start

- Small classsize

- Positive school climate

- Family support

- All of the above

All of the above

A multitude of interwoven variables could account for increasingly lower drop-out rates.

What is a dyad in learning?

- a tool

- a scaffolding technique

- a pair

- a reflex

- a thought

a pair

Children can be instructed, if conditions are educationally sound, in a dyad (pair) with one adult as instructor/facilitator.

Dennis is about to begin junior high school, and the changes in social environment that he will face include all of the following EXCEPT ...

- a new school

- a less bureaucratic type of school

- several teachers instead of one

- heavy academic demands

- increased gender role confusion

a less bureaucratic type of school

Bureaucracy abounds in junior high.

According to Erik, Erikson, adolescents are primarily dealing with concerns related to ...

- generativity vs self-absorption

- autonomy vs shame and doubt

- trust vs mistrust

- intimacy vs isolation

- identity vs confusion

identity vs confusion

Adolescents, in the midst of confusion of gender roles and onset of puberty, struggle to form a self-identity.

When does autism usually become evident?

- By 2 months of age

- Between 12 and 16 months

- Between 18 and 30 months

- At 36 months of age

- At birth

Between 18 and 30 months

Autism most often becomes evident between 18 and 30 months, in the form of delays (or regression) in language, play skills, and social relatedness.

Johnny always refers to himself as "you." This ....

- could represent an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal

- is not uncommon in childhood and should be ignored

- is typical when language is first acquired

- is a common feature in childhood schizophrenia

- is a charming idiosyncrasy

could represent an unusual speech pattern called pronoun reversal

Pronoun reversal, indicating weakness in use of pragmatics in language, is sometimes indicative of autism

Conduct disorder....

- typically does not emerge until adolescence

- is more common in girls than in boys

- shows a good deal of stability across time

- is not related to family or marital conflict

- cannot be treated

shows a good deal of stability across time

Conduct disorders, unfortunately, show a great deal of stability across time.

The most common cause of severe intellectual and emotional impairment in older individuals is...

- poor attention

- Alzheimer's disease

- loss of memory

- senescence

- cancer

People with bulimia...

- are often normal weight

- use extreme dieting

- are more often male than female

- are more commonly black adolescents, while white adolescents tend toward anorexia

- can be noticed easily by a skeletal appearance

are often normal weight

Bulimic individuals, due to their "binging" and "purging" are often normal weight, as opposed to anorexic individuals.