The theoretical perspective that emphasizes nature in the "nature versus nurture" controversy is ...

Psychodynamic theory

The psychodynamic theor emphasizes nature in the nature versus nurture debate more than the other perspectives listed because of the emphasis on invorn, biological drives within this perspective.

 Which theorist would be most likely to expect cultural differences in development?

- Vygotsky

- Piaget

- Freud

- Skinner

- Bowlby

Vygotsky

Vygotsky is the one theorist of the five who argued that culture influences cognitive development. He argued that a child's cognitive abilities develop as a result of engaging in tasks with older, more competent adults. He also argued that language affects thought.

To determine whether boys and girls play differently, a researcher videotaped children at play during school recess. This is an example of a ....

* field experiment

* naturalistic observation

* cross-sectional study

* survey

* clinical interview

naturalistic observation

Since the researcher is recording behavior in a natural setting, and is not controlling or manipulating any variables, it is a naturalistic observation.

The average child begins to walk between....

- 7 and 8 months

- 9 and 10 months

- 11 and 12 months

1 13 and 14 months

- 16 and 17 months

11 and 12 months

Research on physical development shows that on average, children begin to walk on their own between 11 and 12 months of age.

accomodation and assimilation

Piaget used the term "adaptation" for the process of a child adjusting to the environment. The two complementary processes involved in adaptation are accommodation, when a child constructs a new scheme that organizes a new experience, and assimilation, when a child applies an already existing scheme to understand a new experience. Piaget argued that accommodation occurs when an attempt to assimilate new information fails.

 The fact that parents will provide less direction to a child who begins to show competence on a task, supports the theory of .....

- Bronfenbrenner

- Freud

- Piaget

- Vygotsky

- Bandura

Vygotsky

Vygotsky used the term "guided participation" or "scaffolding" to describe the cognitive support that older adults, like teachers or parents, provide to children when they engage in a task. Adults will adjust the amount of direction and support they provide as the child shows greater mastery over the task at hand.

 According to the information-processing approach, children's memories improve with age mainly because ....

- they get better at organizing information

- they develop additional memory storage systems

- their perceptual abilities improve

- they are more interested in remembering information

- parents expect older children to remember information better

they get better at organizing information.

The information-processing approach argues children's memory improves because children get better at organizing to-be-learned information. The better a child can organize new information, the better that information is encoded for storage in memory and later retrieval.

 Jane digs a hole in the sandbox while Jim, who is sitting next to her, fills his bucket with sand. They share the shovels in the sandbox and talk about school. They are engaged in ....

* cooperative play

* parallel play

*mature play

* nonsocial play

* associative play

Associative play

The children are engaged in associative play because even though they are talking to each other while playing and sharing tools, they are not sharing the same purpose or goal.

Which of the following research methods is most often used to study rare or unique situations or behavior?

* Survey

* Case study

*Cross-sequential

* Correlational

* Psychosocial

Case Study

The case study method of research is designed to collect a great deal of information about a single person or event. By its nature then, a case study yields conclusions that are difficult to generalize beyond that person or event. There is typically something very unique or special about the case that motivates a researcher to study it in such depth.

Which of the following theories describes stages of development?

* Collectivist

* Continuity

* Discontinuity

* Nature

* Nurture

Discontinuity

The terms "discontinuity theory" and "stage theory" are used interchangeably in this field. Theories of this type describe development as qualitative shifts in ability or behavior that take place through a series of distinct stages. Almost all stage theories argue that the stages are universal and occur in a fixed sequence.

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

* Sara pushes Joy out of the way so she can get a toy she wants to play with first.

* Sara tells Emma not to play with Joy because she bites.

* Sara is mad at her brother, so she hits her doll.

* Sara yells at Emma because she knocked down her block tower.

* Sara can't get the wrapper off a candy bar, so she throws it across the room

Sara pushes Joy out of the way so she can get a toy she wants to play with first.

Instrumental aggression is aggression that is used in order to achieve an end. The child in this question uses aggression as a means toward the end of getting a toy. Instrumental aggression is usually used in battles over toys and is not personal.

According to statistics, which group commits most of the child abuse in our country?

* Siblings

* Day care workers

* Foster parents

* Parents

* Step parents

Parents

Statistics on child mistreatment indicate that more often, among the types of offenders listed in this question, the abuser is the child's parents.

Which theoretical perspective assumes there is a bidirectional relationship between the person and the environment?

* Behavioral

* Learning

* Psychobiological

* Sociocultural

* Nature

Sociocultural

The sociocultural view of development argues there is a bidirectional relationship between the child and the environment. A child influences the people and the environments he or she interacts with, as much as those people and environments influence the childn's development. For example, an infant's temperament influences the caregiver's responses to the child, and those caregiving responses in turn shape the child's behavior.

A problem with longitudinal research is ....

* confounding age difference with birth cohort differences

* a lack of control over extraneous variables

* subject drop out

* subject bias

* researcher bias

Subject drop out

Longitudinal research involves collecting data from the same group of participants at several points in their life. One problem that threatens the validity of the findings of a longitudinal study is subject dropout. If participants drop out of the study, not only is the research sample size reduced, but the sample may become biased. For example, participants who drop out of a longitudinal study on memory may have poorer memory ability to begin with compared to those who complete the study. The findings of this longitudinal study of memory then would be biased, that is, only apply to people with good memory ability.

Students who have developed a mastery orientation would attribute a good grade on a test to their ability, and a bad grade on a test to ...

* the teacher

* their ability

* bad luck

* lack of effort

* luck

lack of effort

Those with a mastery-oriented attribution style typically attribute successes and failures to internal traits or abilities and effort. This type of person believes that he or she can be successful at tasks that are attempted and will tend to persevere through challenging or difficult tasks.

According to recent research, which of the following has shown a correlation with age, but is NOT found only in older people?

* insight

* metacognition

* the executive process

* collectivism

* wisdom

wisdom

Recently, researchers have begun to systematically study wisdom. Wisdom is defined as exceptional insight into the problems of life. Research has shown that, while the majority of people believe wisdom comes with age, wisdom is not a normal product of aging. The key elements that influence the development of wisdom have to do with the quality and amount of life experience, not just chronological age.

Compared to peer groups in middle childhood, adolescent peer groups ...

* are more likely to be mixed sex

* do  not last as long

* are more structures and exclusive

* are less structures and exclusive

* are larger

Are more structured and exclusive

Adolescent peer groups are more structured and exclusive. In other words, there are more requirements to meet for acceptance into the group and stricter rules regarding things like acceptable behavior and dress. While crowds tend to be mixed sex, adolescent peer groups do not.

Which of the following indicates the presence of empathy?

* Mollie starts to cry whenever she sees someone else cry.

* Mollie sees Jake crying and gives him a toy to help him stop crying.

* Mollie laughs when she sees something funny on television

* Mollie tells her Daddy when she doesn't feel well.

* Mollie goes to her room to cry so not one sees her crying.

Mollie sees Jake crying and gives him a toy to help him stop crying

A key element of empathy is being able to feel what another person is feeling. Crying because someone else is crying does not necessarily indicate the child feels what the other person is experiencing. However, a child offering a toy to a crying child shows he or she feels the underlying unhappiness causing the child's crying, and he or she believes a toy will maike the child feel happy.

Among the parenting styles that have been studied by Baumrind, which of the following is associated with the most negative impact on development?

* Authoritative

* Authoritarian

* Permissive

* Strict

* Uninvolved

Uninvolved

The uninvolved parenting style is charactrized by the parent being low on both the acceptance/responsiveness and the control/demandingness parenting dimensions. Children raised iwth this style of parenting tend to engage in antisocial behavior.

Which of the following statements about physical growth is true?

I. Physical growth is rapid during infancy, slows during early and middle childhood, and then is rapid again during adolescence.

II. Physical growth is rapid from infancy to its completion in middle childhood.

III. Physical growth is rapid during infancy, and then is slow from early childhood through adolescence.

IV. Physical growth is a steady process from infancy through childhood.

Statement I.

Physical growth is not a steady process. There are growth spurts that occur in infancy and in adolescence.

Research on the growth hormone (GH) has shown that ...

A. children with normal thyroid function will grow to be taller than their genotype with injections of GH

B. children who do not have GH are likely to be mentally retarded

C. children given early treatment of GH develop normally

D. children given GH treatments later can still catch up to their peers

E. vitamin C can stimulate GH production in the body.

C. children given early treatment of GH develop normally

Research on the growth hormone (GH) has shown that as long as a child who lacks GH is given injections of the hormone early on, he or she will grow to their full height potential. If GH is given later, the child does not catch up.

Researchers have studied the impact of late versus early maturation on adolescents' adjustment. Which of the pairs below have been shown to have the best adjustment outcomes?

* Early maturing boys and early maturing girls

* Early maturing boys and late maturing girls

* Late maturing boys and early maturing girls

* Late maturing boys and late maturing girls

* Adolescent adjustment is in fact NOT related to the timing of maturation

Early maturing boys and late maturing girls

Early maturing boys and late maturing girls have been shown to experience better adjustment compared to their counterparts - late maturing boys and early maturing girls. early maturing boys may benefit from having larger physical stature than their late maturing peers, and early maturing girls may have difficulty adjusting to puberty and the consomitant physical changes in their bodies. Other people may treat early maturing girls as if they were older than their age. Because of this, they may be faced with higher expectations for their behavior than they are capable of meeting.

One theory of biological aging suggests aging is inevitable and is caused by ...

* carcinogens

* teratogens

* wear and tear from normal use

* arteriosclerosis

* genetic mutations

Wear and tear from normal use

The wear and tear theory of biological aging suggests that aging of the boey is inevitable because of wear and tear on it from normal use. This theory suggests that, like a machine, over time the body will wear out.

An effective treatment for the side effects of menopause is ...

* antipsychotic medication

* psychotropic medication

* estrogen replacement therapy

* testosterone replacement therapy

* hysterectomy

Estrogen replacement therapy

Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has been used successfully to treat symptoms of menopause in women. The therapy works to replace the female hormone, estrogen, which decreases substantially in a woman's body during menopause. ERT seems to treat symptoms like hot flashes quite well. Controversy exists, however, over the side effects of ERT. Some research suggests there is an increased risk of uterine cancer in women given long-term ERT (or breast cancer if the estrogen is given along with another hormone called progestin in therapy called hormone replacement therapy or HRT).

Compared to women, the male climacteric is ...

* a faster decline

* a slower decline

* unaffected by sex hormone levels in the body

* associated with increased risk of heart disease

* more uncommon

a slower decline

The male climacteric is a less noticeable physiological process than the female climacteric. Changes that occur are caused by a decline in testosterone level and are very gradual. These changed included reduced sperm production, reduction in the size of the testes, and enlargement of the prostate gland. These changes do not prevent a male from fathering a child.

Osteoporosis is ....

* a disease of the pancreas

* a circulatory disease

* a bone disease

* a normal product of biological aging

* an arterial disease caused by plaque buildup in the arteries

a bone disease

Osteoporosis is a bone disease caused by a decline in bone density. Bones become very brittle and may spontaneously fracture. Osteoporosis is the result of a calcium deficiency and is found in greater frequency among post-menopausal women.

Janet's mother is terminally ill and the doctors have said her death is immiment. A hospital social worker has suggested to Janet that she contact the hospice program. The social worker most likely told Janet that hospice

 *would immediately stop her mother's pain medication

* would persuade the doctors to keep her mother in the hospital where she can get the best medical care

* would do everything possible to give her mother a pain-free death

* would help Janet make the difficult euthanasia decision

* would be at the hospital to establish brain death

Would do everything possible to give her mother a pain-free death

Hospice is a program that supports terminally ill patients and their families through the dying process. THe goal of hospice is to provide a pain-free death for the dying patient in as comfortable a setting as possible.

Gibson's visual cliff experiment showed that ....

* depth perception is innate

* depth perception is learned

* six-month-olds crawled across the visual cliff

* six-month-olds did not crawl across the visual cliff

* six-month-olds have an inborn fear response

Six-month-olds did not crawl across the visual cliff

Eleanor Gibson's classic visual cliff experiment showed that six-month-old infants would not crawl across a "visual cliff." The visual cliff was created by placing a Plexiglass cover, half clear and half checkerboard, across the top of a checkerboard box. For a person with depth perception, there appeared to be a drop off or "visual cliff" half way across the top. The experiment did not show conclusively that depth perception was innate, because six-month-old infants have already had experience exploring their environment and may have learned to see depth from this prior experience.

Visual scanning experiments with infants suggest which pattern of looking?

* Newborns actively scan a stimulus if it is black and white but not colored, but the opposite is true in older infants.

* Newborns will actively scan a stimulus if it is colored but not black and white, but the opposite is true of older infants.

* Newborns scan the edges of a stimulus, and older infants scan the center or inside of a stimulus.

* Newborns do not have preferences for what they look at, but older infants do.

* Newborns scan a stimulus quickly, older infants scan a stimulus more slowly.

Newborns scan the edges of a stimulus, and older infants scan the center or inside of a stimulus.

Visual scanning experiments with infants have shown that newborns will scan the edges of a stimulus while older infants will scan the interior of a stimulus. This might suggest that newborns are born prepared to scan edges to organize the perceptual field into objects. Older infants may be able to do that more rapidly and hence spend their time looking for details found within the edges.

When you see a German shepherd 100 years away from you in a park,  you don't think it is a miniature dog because of ...

* Gestalt perception

* shape constancy

* lightness constancy

* color constancy

* size constancy

Size constancy

Size constancy is the perceptual ability to perceive size accurately by adjusting for changing distance. Perception theorists would argue that, by using binocular and monocular cues to distance, we make an unconscious inference that the German shepherd is 100 yards away. Although the size of the retinal image produced by looking at a dog that far away would be quite small, the size of the retinal image of the dog multiplied by the dog's distance yields the perception of a normal-sized German shepherd. Size constancy is achieved by multiplying retinal image size times distance.

Which of the following is the LEAST developed in newborns?

* Taste

* Touch

* Vision

* Audition

* Smell

Vision

Vision is the least developed sense in newborns. Visual acuity is normally between 20/200 and 20/400 at birth.

Speed of habituation in infancy and later IQ scores have been shown to be ....

* conversely related

* diametrically opposed

* negatively correlated

* positively correlated

* in a curvilinear relationship

positively correlated

Habituation is a form of learning that has shown to be present in newborns and is measured by length of looking at a stimulus. Habituation is seen when an infant looks away or stops looking at a stimulus. When a previously seen stimulus is shown along with a novel stimulus, newborns will look longer at the novel stimulus. Speed of habituation in newborns has been shown to positively correlate with later I.Q. scores.

The type of hearing loss associated with aging is loss of sensitivity for ...

* the human voice

* low frequency sounds

* high frequency sounds

* rhythmic sounds

* tympanic sounds

high frequency sounds

the hearing loss most associated with aging is a decrease in sensitivity to high frequency sounds.

One reason older adults experience declining eye sight is ...

* decreased flexibility of the lens

* a decrease in the size of the retina

* a decrease in the fibers of the optic nerve

* increased pupil diameter

* decreased fluid in the eyeball

decreased flexibility of the lens

A decreased flexibility in the lens of the eye due to normal biological aging is one reason for declining eyesight among the aged. The lens of the eye must be able to change shape from concave to convex in order to properly refract light waves ot the retina on the back of the eye. When the lens cannot make these accomodations, light waves are either refracted short of the retina or beyond the retina.

Which of the following statements represents the learning approach to language development?

I. Children learn language through imitating the speech of those around them.

II. Children learn language thorough a gradual stamping in of the grammatical rules of the language.

III. Children learn language by formulating and testing hypotheses about the meaning of words and the rules of their combination.

IV. Children learn language to fulfill their unconscious desire to communicate with others.

V. Children learn language to increase their chances of survival.

Children learn language through imitating the speech of those around them

The learning approach to language development argues that we learn a language through imitation. We imitate the speech of those around us and, in turn, these speech utterances are positively reinforced by caregivers. Therefore, language is described as verbal behavior acquired through the general laws of learning within this theoretical approach.

Which of the following is an example of overregularization in language development?

* "I and Mommy went to the store."

* "Mommy went to the store with me."

* "Mommy went to the store with I."

* "We, Mommy and I went to the store."

* "Mommy and I goed to the store."

"Mommy and I goed to the store."

Overregularization is when a child who is learning a language produces speech errors that are due to exceptions to grammatical rules. The child's speech error indicates she or he assumes grammatical rules are regular and without exception. For example, one grammatical rule of the English language is to add an -ed to form the past tense of a verb. To overregularize English grammar rules, a young child would say "goed" instead of the irregular "went."

Billy sees a beach ball and says "ball." He sees a basketball and says "ball." He sees a soccer ball and says "ball." Finally he sees a globe on a desk and says "ball." Calling the globe a ball is referred to as:

* categorization

* classification

* accomodation

* overregularization

* overextension

Overextension

Overextension is when a child learning a language applies a category label, e.g., "ball," to an object that does not belong to the category but may share some similar features of category members. A globe is not a member of the "ball" category although it does share some characteristics of balls.

Noam Chomsky argued that the ability to learn language:

- is innate

- shows wide individual variation

- is positively correlated with intelligence

- is positively correlated with creativity

- differs between males and females

is innate

Noam Chomsky argued that humans are born prepared to acquire a language. He suggested that the human brain is pre-wired for language acquisition. He used the term language acquisition devide (LAD) metaphorically to describe this pre-wiring. Evidence for this theory includes the fact that language learning is universal in humans; language learning proceeds through stages that are universal; there appears to be a sensitive period for learning language; infants can discriminate among all the speech sounds used in all of the world's languages; and children show an understanding of syntax in their speech production that does not appear to be directly taught to them. An example of the latter is speech errors of overregularization.

The first stage of language development is:

- cooing

- babbling

- first words

- expressive speech

- receptive speech

Cooing

Cooing is the first stage of language development. Cooing appears about the same age in babies across cultures.

An indication that we are born prepared to acquire a language is the fact that:

- infants can discriminate among all of the speech sounds used in all of the world's languages even better than adults

- children can produce complex sentences by the age of two years

- newborns do not habituate to speech sounds

- mothers all talk in a special way called "motherese"

- we can easily acquire a new language at any age

infants can discriminate among all of the speech sounds used in all of the world's languages even better than adults

An indication that we are born prepared to learn a language is the fact that infants can discriminate among all the speech sounds of all of the world's languages and do so even better than adults. Being able to discriminate speech sounds means infants can perceive differences between sounds such as pa and

Studies of intelligence in adulthood have shown:

- while there is some decline in information processing, there is some stability in fluid and crystallized intelligence

- no intellectual decline, even in the very old

- no relationship between health and intelligence test performance

- no relationship between speed of information processing and age

- a steady increase in both crystallized and fluid intelligence into late adulthood

while there is some decline in information processing, there is some stability in fluid and crystallized intelligence

Studies of intelligence in adulthood have shown that fluid and crystallized intelligence show stability until very late adulthood. Fluid intelligence is closely related to reasoning and thinking, while crustallized intelligence is general knowledge that has been acquired. While research does show a steady decline in the speed of processing of information, these two types of intelligence appear to be stable through most of adulthood in adults who are disease free.

Sibling rivalry tends to be worse during:

- toddlerhood

- early childhood

- middle childhood

- early adolescence

- late adolescence

middle childhood

Sibling rivalry tends to be worse during middle childhood as opportunities for competition and comparison increase during these years.

Compared with cihldren who have siblings, only children:

- have lower self-esteem

- are less well-accepted by their peers

- are less dependent on parents

- do better academically

- experience more parent-child conflict

are less well-accepted by their peers

Only-children are less well-accepted by their peers compared to their counterparts who have siblings. A possible reason for this is that children may develop social skills from interacting with their siblings before the school years. Only-children may not have as much opportunity to interact with other children in such an intensive way as children who have siblings.

Although the rate of divorce is high, the rate of remarriage is also high. This leads to a large number of reconstituted families referred to as:

- hypercomplex families

- blended families

- cohabitating families

- custodial families

- extended families

blended families

The term "blended familiy" refers to complex familial structures that are the results of remarriages.

_{A sexual offender is more likely to target:}

- an early maturing child

- a late maturing child

- a child who is emotionally needy and socially isolated

- an outgoing, extroverted child

- a popular child

a child who is emotionally needy and socially isolated

Sexual offenders tend to target children who are isolated and needy. Offenders play on these children's vulnerabilities and my gain the trust of children because they are socially isolated and crave attention.

Researchers examining cultural influences on self-esteem have found that:

- Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than American children

- African American children score lower in self-esteem than Caucasian children

- Chinese and Japanese children score higher in self-esteem than American children

- Chinese and Japanese children have equal levels of self-esteem compared to American children

- African American children score lower in self-esteem than Chinese and Japanese children

Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than American children

Cross-cultural research on self-esteem has shown significant differences in levels of self-esteem in children from different cultures. Chinese and Japanese children have been shown to have lower self-esteem than American children.

One way to help children adjust to divorce is to:

- minimize the conflict between parents after the divorce

- lengthen the time of separation before divorce

- minimize their contact with the non-custodial parent

- have each parent decide how to discipline the child his and her own way

- be sure the amount of contact with each parent is equal

minimize the conflict between parents after the divorce

Minimizing conflict after a divorce has been shown to help children's adustment, because conflict after a divorce tends to interfere with the non-custodial parent's involvement with the chidlren. Good non-custodial parenting is one of the factors associated with children's positive adjustment after divorce.

Children display learned helplessness if their parents:

- use physical punishment

- always encourage them to do their best

- set high standards of achievement for them, but also communicate the belief that the child is not very capable

- compare them to their peers

- never let them quit even when a task becomes very difficult

set high standards of achievement for them, but also communicate the belief that the child is not very capable

Children of parents who set very high standards for their achievenemt, but also communicate to them that they are not capable of achieving those standards, show signs of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is a syndrome first observed by Seligman. Seligman placed animals in an experimental chamber from which they could not escape. Animals who received an electric shock through the floor of the chamber first tried to escape, but they eventually stopped trying. Even when an escape route became available to them, they could not learn to escape. Children of parents who communicate high standards but little confidence in the children's abilities, produce children who do not try to succeed.

The use of a parenting technique called "induction" can help promote the development of a conscience. Which of the following is an example of induction?

- "If you don't put your toys away, I will throw them out."

- "If you put your toys away, you can have dessert."

- "Putting your toys away is a sign that you are growing up."

- "If you put your toys away, I will talk to you."

- "If you don't put your toys away, someone may trip on them, fall, and get hurt."

"If you don't put your toys away, someone may trip on them, fall, and get hurt."

Induction is a parenting technique used to teach children morality. A parent is using induction when she explains to the child how the child's

 actions may negatively affect other people. Providing an explanation for a behavior rule that encourages the child to think of others may induce independent moral reasoning in the child.

A child who laughs when Daddy dresses up as a woman for Halloween, but knows Daddy is still a boy, shows:

- a gender schema

- gender infallibility

- gender holism

- gender constancy

- gender flexibility

gender constancy

Gender constancy is the understanding that a person cannot change his maleness or her femaleness by simply changing how he or she looks. Prior to the development of this understanding, young children believe that a male who dresses as a female is now a female and vice versa. Gender constancy is similar to the cognitive structure of conservation described by Piaget in his theory of cognitive development. A child who says that a tall, thin breaker does not contain the same amount of liquid as a short, wide beaker when the beakers in fact have the same amount of liquid is being fooled by the perceptual characteristics of the containers. a lack of gender constancy is explained the same way. Young children think Daddy has changed into a female when he dresses up as a female because the child is focusing on the perceptual characteristics of the father's appearance.

The most important personality achievement of adolescence according to Erikson is:

- identity

- generativity

- integrity

- personal space

- intimacy

identity

Erikson suggested that identity development was the most important task of adolescence. The psychosocial crisis of this stage is identity versus identity confusion. An identity is the idea of who you are and what you will be like as an adult member of society. Erikson beleived a healthy identity is the result of exploration and that it is normal for adolescents to experience stress about finding their identity.

In Freud's theory, resolution of the Oedipal conflict is achieved through:

- identifying with mother

- identifying with father

- repressing aggressive tendencies

- rejection of father as the love object

- embracing one's feminine tendencies

identifying with father

According to Freud, boys in the Oedipal stage of personality development experience an unconscious conflict because they have an unconscious sexual desire for their mother and at the same time, unconsciously fear reprisal and pynishment from their father-rival. Freud argued that this Oedipal conflict is resolved through a process of identification. He believed children unconsciously resolve the conflict by replacing the sexual desire for mother with identification with father. Boys show this process of identification through modeling the father's behavior and by a preference for father over mother.

The psychosocial crisis of young adulthood in Erikson's model is:

- generativity versus stagnation

- intimacy versus isolation

- integrity versus despair

- autonomy versus doubt

- initiative versus guilt

intimacy versus isolation

Erikson argued that the psychosocial crisis of young adulthood was intimacy versus isolation. Young adults are highly motivated to be with a romantic partner. Erikson suggested a need to be with a significant other occurs at this time because the young adult has achieved a sense of identity and is now prepared to share his or her self intimately with another person. True intimacy is achieved when two people share a deep commitment, love and trust each other. This strong emotional bond cannot be achieved if one or both partners cannot trust and'or do not have a strong sense of self. Isolation is experienced when a young adult has not found a romantic partner. Erikson argued the social norm for adults was to be in an intimate relationship, so those who are not will feel lonely and isolated.

Males have a higher risk of sex-linked genetic diseases like hemophilia than females do because ...

- they have more genes than females

- they have fewer genes than females

- the male sex hormone provides less immunity to disorders than the female sex hormone

- their chromosome cannot mask the effect of a trait for the disease on their X chromosome

- they have only one sex chromosome

their chromosome cannot mask the effect of a trait for the disease on their X chromosome

Males are at greater risk of inheriting sex-linked genetic diseases because they have only one X chromosome. Females who have two X chromosomes have a greater chance of having a dominant gene to protect them from a genetic disease that is carried on a recessive gene on X chromosomes. Males who inherit a recessive gene on the X chromosome for a genetic disease have no chance of having a dominant gene to protect them. So while a female may be a carrier but not have the genetic disease, males who have the recessive gene will have the disease.

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that can be controlled with diet?

- Encephaly

- Hemophilia

- Turner's syndrome

- PKU

- Phenotype

PKU

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disease caused by the body's inability to break down phenylalanine. The disease is controlled by a diet kept free of phenylalanine.

The best approach to helping profoundly deaf children is to:

- home school them

- give them speech therapy

- teach them sign language

- teach them to lip read

- teach them sign language and how to lip read

teach them sign language and how to lip read

This approach has the benefit of helping the deaf child to communicate among hearing people as well as to communicate within the sign language community.

Johnny is disobedient, loud, and aggressive in the classroom and at home. He recently threatened to hit his teacher. Johnny would most likely be diagnosed with:

- conduct behavior

- delinquent disorder

- hyperactivity-impulsivity disorder

- hyperactivity-inattentive disorder

- bipolar despression

conduct behavior

Johnny is showing behaviors that meet the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder. Conduct disorder is diagnosed when a child acts out and is aggressive in many situations and settings. A child with a conduct disorder is disobedient and aggressive.

A key indicator that a child has a learning disability is:

- hyperactivity

- impulsivity

- a discrepancy between ability and performance

- a low score on an intelligence test

- eidetic memory

a discrepancy between ability and performance

To screen for learning disabilities, children are given assessments to determine level of ability and level of performance. If the child's test results indicate a discrepancy between ability and performance, that child will likely be diagnosed with a learning disability.

When asked what career he wanted to pursue, Julio said: "I am going to be a doctor just like my mother and father. I have always wanted to be a doctor. I can remember pretending to be a doctor when I was just a little kid." Julio's answer illustrates:

- moratorium

- identity diffusion

- identity confusion

- identity foreclosure

- identity achievement

identity foreclosure

Marcia's model of identity development in adolescence classifies adolescents into four identity status groups based on whether or not they have experienced an identity crisis and whether or not they have made an identity commitment. The four statuses are:

1) identity moratorium (identity crisis and no commitment),

2) identity diffusion (no identity crisis and no commitment),

3) identity foreclosure (no identity crisis and a commitment)

4) identity achievement (identity crisis and a commitment).

Julio is an example of an adolescent who has adopted an identity too soon and never experienced an identity crisis. He is therefore showing identity foreclosure.

Recent survey research has shown the period of time between launching the last child and retirement to be a time of:

A) depression and sadness for parents

B) renewal and growth for parents

C) depression and sadness for mothers but not fathers

D) decreased activity

E) lowered marital satisfaction

renewal and growth for parents

The stage of parenthood when parents are launching children from the home is reportedly a time of growth and renewal for parents. Recent surveys of parents in this phase of parenthood break the myth that the "empty nest" phase usually brings on a period of depression and sadness.

The social smile first appears in infants:

- between 10 and 12 hours after birth

- between 1 and 4 weeks of age

- between 6 to 10 weeks of age

- between 6 to 8 months of age

- between 10 and 12 months of age

between 6 and 10 weeks of age

Between 6 and 10 weeks of age, an infant begins to smile in the presence of a caregiver. Prior to this time, an infant's smile is merely a reflexive response.

Research suggests it is important to plan for one's retirement because:

- it goes by so quickly

- it will reduce the financial costs

- engaging in meaningful activities during retirement is associated with happiness

- you might decide to keep working instead of retiring

- keeping active prevents normal aging declines from occurring

engaging in meaningful activities during retirement is associated with happiness

Planning for retirement can help make retirement more satisfying if the planning includes finding opportunities for meaningful activities for the retired person.

The ego in contrast to the id,

- mediates between wish-fulfilling desires and the outer reality

- is composed of only wish-fulfilling desires

- mediates between reality and internal rules

- cannot mediate with the superego

- is innate, not learned

mediates between wishfulfilling desires and the outer reality

The ego is the intermediary between the id and reality. It develops between the ages of 8 months and 18 months, as the child acquires an understanding of what is possible in the outer world. The ego also distinguishes between long-range and short-range goals and decides which activities will be most profitable to the individual. The id and ego work together to determine the individual's goals.

Which approach to psychology stresses the importance of the person's environment on development?

- Psychodynamic

- Humanistic

- Behavioristic

- Cognitive

- Psychobiological

Behavioristic

The behaviorist approach to psychology stresses the control that the environment has on development. In this view, behavior is shaped by reinforcement and punishment. It is argued that environmental stimuli control behavior.

Suppose you beleive that people are capable of developing personally throughout life and that, given the opportunity, they will achieve their full potential. Which approach to personality does this describe?

- Humanistic

- Cognitive

- Psychodynamic

- Behavioristic

- Social learning

humanistic

The humanistic approach, as exemplified by the work of Rogers, stresses the process of self-actualization. The cognitive approach stresses the construction of meaning, interpretations, and beliefs. The Freudian psychodymanic approach stresses unconscious conflicts. The behaviorist appraoch, as seen in Skinner's writings, stresses environmental stimulus control of behavior. Lastly, Bandura's social learning theory stresses the importance of modeling and vicarious reinforcement.

Ivan P. Pavlov is famous for his reasearch on:

- teaching machines

- perceptual learning

- forward conditioning

- classical conditioning

- backward conditioning

classical conditioning

Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) virtually discovered the phenomemom of classical conditioning and was the first to investigate it systematically. In Pavlov's experiments with the salivating response of his dogs, he established the basic methodology and terminology still used today in classical conditioning experiments. Pavlov referred to food as the undondiional stimulus (UCS) because it naturally and consistently elicited salivation, which he called the unconditioned response (UCR). Pavlov later taught dogs to salivate to a bell. This was accomplished by presenting the bell just prior to presenting the food. After a series of such pairings, the dogs would salivate in response to the bell. In this case, the bell was a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation in response to the bell was a conditioned resonse (CR). Hence, Pavlov's research elucidated the process of classical conditioning.

The role of imitation in social learning was first systematically observed by:

- I. Pavlov

- Bandura and Walters

- Stanley Milgram

- B.F. Skinner

- J.B. Watson

Bandura and Walters

Bandura and Walters conducted a classic experiment in which children shown videotapes of adults hitting and kicking a doll, later imitated the adults' aggressive behavior. The children also hit and kicked the doll.

Correlational studies:

- indicate causality

- are more valid than laboratory studies

- involve manipulations of independent variables

- indicate a relationship between two variables

- have no predictive validity

indicate a relationship between two variables

In a correlational study, a researcher measures two variables in a group of participants in order to determine if a relationship exists between the two variables. If a consistent pattern appears in the pairs of scores, for example, pairs of scores are very similar, or paired scores go in predictable, opposite directions, a correlation is established.

Which of the following effects does adrenaline have on the human body?

- construction of the pupils

- increased rate of digestion

- accelerated heartbeat

- increased hormone production

- decreased hormone production

adrenaline

Adrenaline is a hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. One of the many resulting effects of adrenaline on the body is the stimulation of the heart. When stimulated, the sympathetic branch to the muscles of the heart causes the heart to beat more rapidly and vigorously. Thus, adrenaline has the effect of accelerating and strengthening the heartbeat.

According to Piaget, a person who cannot consistently use abstract logic has NOT reached the stage of:

- concrete operations

- preoperational development

- formal operations

- initiative vs. guilt

0 extrovert vs. introvert

formal operations

The stage of formal operations is noted for the ability of the individual to deal with abstract problems and concepts. It usually begins around puberty but research shows that some people never develop these skills and continue to function at the level of concrete operations for life.

Suppose you teach preschool and you break Joe's candy bar into three pieces and Mike's candy bar into two pieces. Mike complains that he received less than Joe. What does Mike lack?

- conservation

- constancy

- object permancence

- egocentrism

- accommodation

conservation

Conservation is a Piagetian concept of recognizing the identity of number, mass, and volume despite transformations that alter their perceptual properties. Mike lacks conservation of mass in not realizing that his candy bar is equal to Joe's despite the perceptual difference of two versus three pieces. Learning conservation is a key indicator of progression from the preoperational to the concrete operations stage of development. However, learning conservation in one domain, such as mass, does not imply that other domains, such as volume, are understood.

The short-term memory can hold how many items at one time?

- Seven items, plus or minus two

- Ten items, plus or minus two

- Ten items, plus or minus five

- Five items

- It has unlimited capacity

Seven items, plus or minus two

Short-term memory (STM) is very limited in its capacity. It can only hold about seven items (plus or minus two items) of information at a time. This brief memory span requires deliberate rehearsal to prevent a specific memory from decaying over time.

Which of the following problems would require divergent thinking?

- adding a column of numbers

- deciding whether to turn left or right at an intersection while driving a car

- choosing the best move in a card game

- repairing a broken typewriter

- both a and d

choosing the best move in a card game

In choosing the best move in a card game, one must be able to generate a number of possible solutions; therefore, divergent thinking is the process being utilized. Divergent thinking requries flexibility, fluency of ideas, and originality.

The language Acquisition Device was proposed by:

- Piaget

- Bruner

- Kohler

- Chomsky

- Mednick

Chomsky

Noam Chomsky believes that children are born with a certain "something," a certain genetic predisposition that enables them to learn grammar. Chomsky called this predisposition the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). It is believed to exist at birth. Chomsky used this concept to explain the relative ease with which normal children learn grammar.

In linguistic terminology, the term "boy" is:

- a morpheme

- a phoneme

- a sterotype

- a prosody

- an example of syntax

a morpheme

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a given language. In English, morphemes can be hwole words such as "boy," prefixes such as "anti-," or suffixes such as "-ing." There are more than 100,000 morphemes in English.

A "normal" average I.Q. score is:

- 85

- 100

-115

- 110

- 140

100

A "normal" I.Q. score is considered to be about 100, while 98% of the people who take I.Q. tests fall in the range between 60 and 140. Someone who scores above 140 is considered a genius.

Which of the following does NOT describe a true relationship between environmental factors and I.Q.?

- Level of parent education predicts I.Q.

- Socioeconomic status predicts I.Q.

- Score on the HOME scale predicts I.Q.

- Parents' occupational status predicts I.Q.

- Intensity of separation anxiety predicts I.Q.

Intensity of separation anxiety predicts I.Q.

There are many early childhood environmental factors that have been shown to correlate with later I.Q. I.Q. is more malleable than many people believe. All the factors in this question influence I.Q. except for the intensity of separation anxiety.

Shortly after birth a duck will follow the first object that walks by it. This illustrates ...

* conditioned responses

* super stimuli

* sign stimuli

* imprinting

* shaping

imprinting

Konrad Lorenz observed that newborn ducks would follow him if they say him before encountering their mother. He termed this phenomenon "imprinting" and argued that it illustrated the importance of instinctual behavior. This concept, along with sign stimuli that release fixed patterns, comprised some ofthe cnetral ideas of ethology.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the degree to which two people like each other?

* Familiarity

* Physical attractiveness

* Similarity

* Conformity

* Proximity

Conformity

Research on social attraction indicates that proximity is important for the obvious reason that social interaction is more likely when two people live nearby. Phsical attraction and similarity are critical factors. All else being equal, the greater the familiarity, the greater the social attraction.

According to social learning theory, one of the primary means of socializing our children is:

* taming their instincts

* developing their superegos

* helping them self-actualize

* observational learning

* providing minimum discipline

observational learning

According to social learning theory, we learn new behaviors by observing other people who serve as models for us. "taming their instincts" and "developing their superegos" represent the Freudian approach, while "helping them self-actualize" comes from the humanistic approach.

According to Freud, a developmental halt due to frustration and anxiety is referred to as:

* depression

* fixation

* regression

* neurosis

* learned helplessness

fixation

According to Freud, fixation results from abnormal personality development. Freud stated that a person feels a certain amount of frustration and anxiety as he passes from one stage of development to the next. If that frustration and anxiety become too great, development may halt and the person becomes fixated at the stage he is trying to grow out of. For example, an overly dependent child is thought to be fixated. Development ceased at an early stage preventing the child from growing up and becoming independent.

A stimulus that elicits a response before the experimental manipulation is:

* a response stimulus (RS)

* an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

* a generalized stimulus (GS)

* a conditioned stimulus (CS)

* a specific stimulus (SS)

an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

In classical conditioning the stimulus that elicits a response before any conditioning begins is called the unconditioned stimulus. It reliably elicits the unconditioned response (UCR) before the experiment. During the experimental manipulation, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) that is very similar to the unconditioned response (UCR). After this conditioned response (CR) is learned, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) may be removed, but the subject will keep responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

The reinforcement schedule that produces the highest rates of performance is a:

* fixed-interval schedule

* variable-interval schedule

* fixed-ratio schedule

* variable-ratio schedule

*constant reinforcement

variable-ratio schedule

The variable-ratio schedule elicits consistently high rates of performance even after prolonged discontinuance of reinforcement. In fact, once an operant learning response has been established with a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule, it is difficult to extinguish the response.

Mary is a bright student but she is constantly disrupting the class by trying to draw the teacher into a power struggle for control. The school psychologist might advise the teacher to do all of the following EXCEPT:

* not show Mary the anxiety she is causing

* ignore Mary's disruptive behavior

* verbally embarrass Mary until she is more cooperative

* suggest she talk to Mary's parents

* reinforce Mary when she engages in more productive behavior

verbally embarrass Mary until she is more cooperative

The major affective disorders are characterized by:

* extreme and inappropriate emotional responses

* severe behavior problems

* disturbed speech

* hyperactivity

* delusions

extreme and inappropriate emotional responses

Affective disorders are characterized by a disturbabce of mood accompanied by related symptoms. Mood is defined as a prolonged emotional state that colors the whole psychic life and generally involves either depression or elation. In affective disorders, mood tends to be at one extreme or the other. The patient may be depressed, may be manic, or may exhibit bipolar symptoms, and alternation between depression and mania.