Which theoretical perspective emphasizes nature in the "nature versus nurture" controversy?

A. Behavioral theory

B. Social learning theory

C. Social-cognitive theory

D. Psychodynamic theory

E. Sociocultural

Which theorist would be most likely to expect cultural differences in development?

A. Vygotsky

B. Piaget

C. Freud

D. Skinner

E. Bowlby

To determine whether boys and girls play differently, a researcher videotaped children at play during school recess. This is an example of a......

A. field experiment

B. naturalistic observation

C. cross-sectional study

D. survey

E. clinical interview

The average child begins to walk between ...

A. 7 and 8 months

B. 9 and 10 months

C. 11 and 12 months

D. 13 and 14 months

E. 16 and 17 months

According to Piaget, adaptation is made up of the two processes called .....

A. equilibration and accommodation

B. accommodation and fixation

C. equilibration and assimilation

D. operation and conservation

E. accommodation and assimilation

The fact that parents will provide less direction to a child who begins to show competence on a task, supports the theory of .....

A. Bronfenbrenner

B. Freud

C. Piaget

D. Vygotsky

E. Bandura

According to the information-processing approach, children's memories improve with age mainly because ....

A. they get better at organizing information

B. they develop additional memory storage systems

C. their perceptual abilities improve

D. they are more interested in remembering information

E. parents expect older children to remember information better

Jane digs a hole in the sandbox while Jim, who is sitting next to her, fills his bucket with sand. They share the shovels in the sandbox and talk about school. They are engaged in ...

A. cooperative play

B. parallel play

C. mature play

D. nonsocial play

E. associative play

Which of the following research methods is most often used to study rare or unique situations or behavior?

A. Survey

B. Case study

C. Cross-sequential

D. Correlational

E. Psychosocial

Which of the follow theories describes stages of development?

A. Collectivist

B. Continuity

C. Discontinuity

D. Nature

E. Nurture

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

A. Sara pushes Joy out of the way so she can get a toy she wants to play with first.

B. Sara tells Emma not to play with Joy because she bites.

C. Sara is mad at her brother, so she hits her doll.

D. Sara yells at Emma because she knocked down her block tower.

E. Sara can't get the wrapper off a candy bar, so she throws it across the room.

According to statistics, which group commits most of the child abuse in our country?

A. Siblings

B. day care workers

C. Foster parents

D. Parents

E. Step parents

Which theoretical perspective assumes there is a bidirectional relationship between the person and the environment?

A. Behavioral

B. Learning

C. Psychobiological

D. Sociocultural

E. Nature

A problem with longitudinal research is ...

A. confounding age difference with birth cohort differences

B. a lack of control over extraneous variables

C. subject drop out

D. subject bias

E. researcher bias

Students who have developed a mastery orientation would attribute a good grade on a test to their ability, and a bad grade on a test to ....

A. the teacher

B. their ability

C. bad luck

D. lack of effort

E. luck

According to recent research, which of the following has shown a correlation with age, but is NOT found only in older people?

A. Insight

B. Metacognition

C. The executive process

D. Collectivism

E. Wisdom

Compared to peer groups in middle childhood, adolescent peer groups ...

A. are more likely to be mixed sex

B. do not last as long

C. are more structured and exclusive

D. are less structures and exclusive

E. are larger

Which of the following indicates the presence of empathy?

A. Mollie starts to cry whenever she sees someone else cry.

B. Mollie sees Jake crying and gives him a toy to help him stop crying.

C. Mollie laughs when she sees something funny on television.

D. Mollie tells her Daddy when she doesn't feel well.

E. Mollie goes to her room to cry so no one sees her crying.

Among the parenting styles that have been studied by Baumrind, which of the following is associated with the most negative impact on development?

A. Authoritative

B. Authoritarian

C. Permissive

D. Strict

E. Uninvolved

Which of the following statements about physical growth is true?

I. Physical growth is rapid during infancy, slows during early and middle childhood, and then is rapid again during adolescence.

II. Physical growth is rapid from infancy to its completion in middle childhood.

III. Physical growth is rapid during infancy, and then is slow from early childhood through adolescence.

IV. Physical growth is a steady process from infancy through childhood.

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

E. II and IV

Research on the growth hormone (GH) has shown that ....

A. children with normal thyroid funciton will grow to be taller than their genotype with injections of GH

B. children who do not have GH are likely to be mentally retarded

C. children given early treatments of GH develop normally

D. children given GH treatments later can still catch up to their peers

E. vitamin C can simulate GH production in the body

Researchers have studied the impact of late versus early maturation on adolescents' adjustment. Which of the pairs below have been shown to have the best adjustment outcomes?

A. early maturing boys and early maturing girls

B. Early maturing boys and late maturing girls

C. Late maturing boys and early maturing girls

D. Late maturing boys and late maturing girls

E. Adolescent adjustment is in fact NOT related to the timing of maturation

One theory of biological aging suggests aging is inevitable and is caused by ...

A. carcinogens

B. teratogens

C. wear and tear from normal use

D. arteriosclerosis

E. genetic mutations

An effective treatment for the side effects of menopause is ...

A. antipsychotic medication

B. psychotropic medication

C. estrogen replacement therapy

D. testosterone replacement therapy

E. hysterectomy

Compared to women, the male climacteric is ...

A. a faster decline

B. a slower decline

C. unaffected by sex hormone levels in the body

D. associated with increased risk of heart disease

E. more uncommon

Osteoporosis is ...

A. a disease of the pancreas

B. a circulatory disease

C. a bone disease

D. a normal product of biological aging

E. an arterial disease caused by plaque buildup in the arteries

Janet's mother is terminally ill and the doctors have said her death is imminent. A hospital social worker has suggested to Janet that she contact the hospice program. The social worker most likely told Janet that hospice ....

A. would immediately stop her mother's pain medication

B. would persuade the doctors to keep her mother in the hospital where she can get the best medical care

C. would do everything possible to give her mother a pain-free death

D. would help Janet make the difficult euthanasia decision

E. would be at the hospital to establish brain death

Gibson's visual cliff experiment showed that ...

A. depth perception is innate

B. depth perception is learned

C. six-month-olds crawled across the visual cliff

D. six-month-olds did not crawl across the visual cliff

E. six-month-olds have an inborn fear response

Visual scanning experiments with infants suggest which pattern of looking?

A. Newborns actively scan a stimulus if it is black and white but not colored, but the opposite is true in older infants.

B. Newborns will actively scan a stimulus if it is colored but not black and white, wut the opposite is true of older infants.

C. Newborns scan the edges of a stimulus, and older infants scan the center or inside of a stimulus.

D. Newborns do not have preferences for what they look at, but older infants do.

E. Newborns scan a stimulus quickly, older infants scan a stimulus more slowly.

When you see a German shepherd 100 yeards away from you in a park, you don't think it is a miniature dog because of ....

A. Gestalt perception

B. shape constancy

C. lightness constancy

D. color constantcy

E. size constancy

Which of the following is the LEAST developed in newborns?

A. Taste

B. Touch

C. Vision

D. Audition

E. Smell

Speed of habituation in infancy and later IQ scores have been shown to be ...

A. conversely related

B. diametrically opposed

C. negatively correlated

D. positively correlated

E. in a curvilinear relationship

The type of healing loss associated with aging is loss of sensitivity for ....

A. the human voice

B. low frequency sounds

C. high frequency sounds

D. rhythmic sounds

E. tympanic sounds

One reason older adults experience declining eye sight is ...

A. decreased flexibility of the lens

B. a decrease in the size of the retina

C. a decrease in the fibers of the optic nerve

D. increased pupil diameter

E. decreased fluid in the eyeball

Which of the following statements represents the learning approach to language development?

I. Children learn language through imitating the speech of those around them.

II. Children learn language through a gradual stamping in of the grammatical rules of the language.

III. Children learn language by formulating and testing hypotheses about the meaning of words and the rules of their combination.

IV. Children learn language to fulfill their unconscious desire to communicate with others.

V. Children learn language to increase their chances of survival.

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

E. V

Which of the following is an example of overregularization in language development?

A. "I and Mommy went to the store."

B. "Mommy went to the store with me."

C. "Mommy went to the store with I."

D. "We, Mommy and I went to the store."

E. "Mommy and I goed to the store."

Billy sees a beach ball and says "ball." He sees a basketball and says "ball." He sees a soccer ball and says "ball." Finally he sees a globe on a desk and says "ball." Calling the globe a ball is referred to as ...

A. categorization

B. classification

C. accomodation

D. overregularization

E. overextension

Noam Chomsky argued that the ability to learn language ...

A. is innate

B. shows wide individual variation

C. is positively correlated with intelligence

D. is positively correlated with creativity

E. differs between males and females

The first stage of language development is ...

A. cooing

B. babbling

C. newborns do not habituate to speech sounds

D. mothers all talk in a special way called "motherese"

E. receptive speech

An indication that we are born prepared to acquire a language is the fact that

A. infants can discriminate among all of the speech sounds used in all of the world's languages even better than adults

B. children can poduce complex sentences by the age of two years

C. newborns do not habituate to speech sounds

D. mothers all talk in a special way called "motherese"

E. we can easily acquire a new language at any age

Studies of intelligence in adulthood have shown ...

A. while there is some decline in information processing, there is some stability in fluid and crystallized intelligence

B. no intellectual decline, even in the very old

C. no relationship between health and intelligence test performance

D. no relationship between speed of information processing and age

E. a steady increase in both crystallized and fluid intelligence into late adulthood

Sibling rivalry tends to be worse during ...

A. toddlerhood

B. early childhood

C. middle childhood

D. early adolescence

E. late adolescence

Compared with children who have siblings, only children ...

A. have lower self-esteem

B. are less well-accepted by their peers

C. are less dependent on parents

D. do better academically

E. experience more parent-child conflict

Although the rate of divorce is high, the rate of remarriage is also high. This leads to a large number of reconsititued families referred to as ...

A. hyercomplex families

B. blended families

C. cohabiting families

D. custodial families

E. extended families

A sexual offender is more likely to target ...

A. an early maturing child

B. a late maturing child

C. a child who is emotionally needy and socially isolated

D. an outgoing, extroverted child

E. a popular child

One way to help children adjust to divorce is to ...

A. minimize the conflict between parents after the divorce

B. lengthen the time of separation before divorce

C. minimize their contact with the non-custodial parent

D. have each parent decide how to discipline the child his and her own way

E. be sure the amount of contact with each parent is equal

Researchers examining cultural influences on self-esteem have found that ...

A. Chinese and Japanese children score lower in self-esteem than American children

B. African American children score lower in self-esteem than Caucasian children

C. Chinese and Japanese children score higher in self-esteem than American children

D. Chinese and Japanese children have equal levels of self-esteem compared to American children

E. African American children score lower in self-esteem than Chinese and Japanese children

Children display learned helplessness if their parents ....

A. use physical punishment

B. always encourage them to do their best

C. set high standards of achievement for them, but also communicate the belief that the child is not very capable

D. compare them to their peers

E. never let them quit even when a task becomes very difficult

The use of a parenting technique called "induction" can help promote the development of a conscience. Which of the following is an example of induction?

A. "If you don't put your toys away, I will throw them out."

B. "If you put your toys away, you can have dessert."

C. "Putting your toys away is a sign that you are growing up."

D. "If you pt your toys away, I will talk to you."

E. "If you don't put your toys away, someone may trip on them, fall, and get hurt."

A child who laughs when Daddy dresses up as a woman for Halloween, but knows Daddy is still a boy, shows ...

A. a gender schema

B. gender inflallibility

C. gender holism

D. gender constancy

E. gender flexibility

The most important personality achievement of adolescence according to Erikson is ...

A. identity

B. generativity

C. integrity

D. personal space

E. intimacy

In Freud's theory, resolution of the Oedipal conflict is achieved through ...

A. identifying with mother

B. identifying with father

C. repressing aggressive tendencies

D. rejection of father as the love object

E. embracing one's feminine tendencies

The psychosocial crisis of young adulthood in Erikson's model is ...

A. generativity versus stagnation

B. intimacy versus isolation

C. integrity versus despair

D. autonomy versus doubt

E. initiative versus guilt

Males have a higher risk of sex-linked genetic diseases like hemophilia than females do because ...

A. they have more genes than females

B. they have fewer genes than females

C. the male sex hormone provides less immunity to disorders than the female sex hormone

D. their Y chromosome cannot mask the effect of a trait for the disease on their X chromosome

E. they have only one sex chromosome

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that can be controlled with diet?

A. Encephaly

B. Hemophilia

C. Turner's syndrome

D. PKU

E. Phenotype

The best approach to helping profoundly deaf children is to ...

A. home school them

B. give them speech therapy

C. teach them sign language

D. teach them to lip read

E. teach them sign language and how to lip read

Johnny is disobedient, loud, and aggressive in the classroom and at home. He recently threatened to hit his teacher. Johnny would most likely be diagnosed with ...

A. conduct disorder

B. delinquent disorder

C. hyperactivity-impulsivity disorder

D. hyperactivity-inattentive disorder

E. bipolar depression

A key indicator that a child has a learning disability is ....

A. hyperactivity

B. impulsivity

C. a discrepancy between ability and performance

D. a low score on an intelligence test

E. eidetic memory

When asked what career he wanted to pursue, Julio said:

"I am going to be a doctor just like my mother and father. I have always wanted to be a doctor. I can remember pretending to be a doctor when I was just a little kid." Julio's answer illustrates .....

A. moratorium

B. identify diffusion

C. identity confusion

D. identity foreclosure

E. identity achievement

Recent survey research has shown the period of time between launching the last child and retirement to be a time of:

A. depression and sadness for parents

B. renewal and growth for parents

C. depression and sadness for mothers but not fathers

D. decreased activity

E. lowered marital satisfaction

The social smile first appears in infants ...

A. between 10 and 12 hours after birth

B. between 1 and 4 weeks of age

C. between 6 to 10 weeks of age

D. between 6 to 8 months of age

E. between 10 and 12 months of age

Research suggests it is important to plan for one's retirement because ....

A. it goes by so quickly

B. it will reduce the financial costs

C. engaging in meaningful activities during retirement is associated with happiness

D. you might decide to keep working instead of retiring

E. keping active prevents normal aging declines from occurring

The ego, in contrast to the id, ...

A. mediates between wish-fulfilling desires and the outer reality

B. is composed of only wish-fulfilling desires

C. mediates between reality and internal rules

D. cannot mediate with the superego

E. is innate, not learned

Freud believed that the primary driving force in an individual's life was ...

A. the superego

B. psychosexual development

C. libido

D. bodily functions

E. domination

Which approach to psychology stresses the importance of the person's environment on development?

A. Psychodynamic

B. Humanistic

C. Behavioristic

D. Cognitive

E. Psychobiological

Suppose you believe that people are capable of developing personally throughout life and that, given the opportunity, they will achieve their full potential. Which approach to personality does this describe?

A. Humanistic

B. Cognitive

C. Psychodynamic

D. Behavioristic

E. Social Learning

Ivan P. Pavlov is famous for his research on ...

A. teaching machines

B. perceptual learning

C. forward conditioning

D. classical conditioning

E. backward conditioning

The role of imitation in social learning was first systematically observed by:

A. I. Pavlov

B. Bandura and Walters

C. Stanley Milgram

D. B.F. Skinner

E. J.B. Watson

Correlational studies ...

A. indicate causality

B. are more valid than laboratory studies

C. involve manipulation of independent variables

D. indicate a relationship between two variables

E. have no predictive validity

Which of the following effects does adrenaline have on the human body?

A. Constriction of the pupils

B. Increased rate of digestion

C. Accelerated heartbeat

D. Increased hormone production

E. Decreased hormone production

According to Piaget, a person who cannot consistently use abstract logic has NOT reached the stage of ....

A. concrete operations

B. preoperational development

C. formal operations

D. initiative vs. guilt

E. extrovert vs. introvert

Suppose you teach preschool and you break Joe's candy bar into three pieces and Mike's candy bar into two pieces. Mike complains that he received less than Joe. What does Mike lack?

A. Conservation

B. Constancy

C. Object permanence

D. Egocentrism

E. Accomodation

The short-term memory can hold how many items at one time?

A. Seven items, plus or minus two

B. Ten items, plus or minus two

C. Ten items, plus or minus five

D. Five items

E. It has unlimited capacity

Which of the following problems would require divergent thinking?

A. Adding a column of numbers

B. Deciding whether to turn left or right at an intersection while driving

C. Choosing the best move in a card game

D. Repairing a broken typewriter

E. Both A and D

The Language Acquisition Device was proposed by ...

A. Piaget

B. Bruner

C. Kohler

D. Chomsky

E. Mednick

In linguistic terminology, the term "boy" is ...

A. a morpheme

B. a phoneme

C. a stereotype

D. a prosody

E. an example of syntax

A "normal" average I.Q. score is ...

A. 85

B. 100

C. 115

D. 110

E. 140

Which of the following does NOT describe a true relationship between environmental factors and I.Q.?

A. Level of parent education predicts I.Q.

B. Socioeconomic status preducts I.Q.

C. Score on the HOME scale predicts I.Q.

D. Parents' occupational status predicts I.Q.

E. Intensity of separation anxiety predicts I.Q.

Shortly after birth a duck will follow the first object that walks by it. This illustrates ...

A. conditioned responses

B. super stimuli

C. sign stimuli

D. imprinting

E. shaping

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the degree to which two people like each other?

A. Familiarity

B. Physical attractiveness

C. Similarity

D. Conformity

E. Proximity

Which of the following increases as a person's need for social affiliation increases?

A. Cognitive dissnance

B. Fear

C. Anxiety

D. Depression

E. Repression

According to social learning theory, one of the primary means of socializing our children is ...

A. taming their instincts

B. developing their superegos

C. helping them self-actualize

D. observational learning

E. providing minimum discipline

According to Freud, a developmental halt due to frustration and anxiety is referred to as ....

A. depression

B. fixation

C. regression

D. neurosis

E. learned helplessness

A stimulus that elicits a response before the experimental manipulation is ...

A. a response stimulus (RS)

B. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

C. a generalized stimulus (GS)

D. a conditioned stimulus (CS)

E. a specific stimulus (SS)

In our society, money is an example of ...

A. primary enforcer

B. secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

C. socio-reinforcer

D. negative reinforcer

E. simple operant

The reinforcement schedule that produces the highest rates of performance is a ...

A. fixed-interval schedule

B. variable-interval schedule

C. fixed-ratio schedule

D. variable-ratio schedule

E. constant reinforcement

Mary is a bright student but she is constantly disrupting the class by trying to draw the teacher into a power struggle for control. The school psychologist might advise the teacher to do all of the following EXCEPT ...

A. not show Mary the anxiety she is causing

B. ignore Mary's disruptive behavior

C. verbally embarrass Mary until she is more cooperative

D. suggest she talk to Mary's parents

E. reinforce Mary when she engages in more productive behavior

The major affective disorders are characterized by ...

A. extreme and inappropriate emotional responses

B. severe behavior problems

C. disturbed speech

D. hyperactivity

E. delusions