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| Cellular and Molecular Biology |
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| Surrounds cells cytoplasm. Allows molecules to enter. |
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| Contains membrane bound organelles and ribosomes. Cytoskeleton provides structure and support. |
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| organizing center of micro tubules. Plant cells have Centrioles. |
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| Control center of cell. Contains the chromosomes which consist of DNA strands coiled around histone proteins. The site of ribosome assembly. |
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| Synthesize proteins from mRNA that exits the nucleus. |
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| Membrane folds and sacs. Smooth ER synthesizes and metabolizes organic molecules. Rough ER contains bound ribosomes. |
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| Receive, modify, and secrete proteins made in the ER. Vesicles transport proteins to other sites. |
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| Only in animal cells. Enzymes that digest macro molecules. |
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| Only in plant cells. Stores water, among other things. |
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| These structures are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks such as signaling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell cycle and cell growth. |
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| sites of photosynthesis. Stacks of thylaroids contain chlorophyll. |
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| Only in Plant Cells. Provide structure and rigidity. Composed of cellulose. |
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| No energy is required to move solutes across the cell membrane. The four main kinds of passive transport are diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration and osmosis. |
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| Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. Occurs until equilibrium is reached. |
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| Being passive, facilitated transport does not involve the use of chemical energy; rather, molecules and ions move down their concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion is not a form of diffusion, however it is a transport process in which molecules or ions which would otherwise cross the membrane with great difficulty exploit transmembrane protein channels to help them cross this membrane. |
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| Osmosis is the movement of molecules from a place of high water concentration to a place of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. |
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| Filtration is commonly the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that pass through is called a filtrate. |
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| Energy is used to move solutes against a concentration gradient. |
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In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in three periods:
1. interphase—during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA
2. mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells"
3.cytokinesis, where the new cell is completely divided |
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| Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle - the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately 10% of the cell cycle. |
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prophase,
metaphase,
anaphase,
telophase |
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| Proteins are large biological molecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in folding of the protein into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity. |
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| DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Each nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine), recorded using the letters G, A, T, and C. |
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| Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but is usually single-stranded. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information (often notated using the letters G, A, U, and C for the nucleotides guanine, adenine, uracil and cytosine) that directs synthesis of specific proteins, while many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. |
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| Enzymes are large biological molecules responsible for the thousands of metabolic processes that sustain life. They are highly selective catalysts, greatly accelerating both the rate and specificity of metabolic reactions, from the digestion of food to the synthesis of DNA. Most enzymes are proteins, although some catalytic RNA molecules have been identified. |
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| Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products |
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| 3 stages of cellular respiration |
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1. Glycolysis - the splitting of glucose into a three carbon compound occurs in the cytosol
2.Citric acid cycle - this series of reactions takes place in the mitochondira and produces electrons.
3. Oxidative phosphorylation - forms the majority of ATP. |
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| a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water |
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