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| a certain amount of energy associated with a photon |
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| energy from the sun harnassed by plants via photosynthesis |
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| portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye |
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| molecule whose electrons absorb light |
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| green pigment responsible for capturing light; major pigment used by trees; absorbs red and blue photons |
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| organelles within plant cells where photosynthesis takes place; used to be free-living photosynthetic bateria |
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| chloroplast containing, irregularly shaped parenchyma cells; easy access to gases needed for photosynthesis due to large air spaces between cells |
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| narrow, elongated parenchyma cells containing many chloroplasts; where the majority of photosynthesis takes place in leaves |
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| Inner membrane of chloroplast |
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| highly specialized with transport proteins |
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| Outer membrane of chloroplast |
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| fluid between grana; where dark reactions occur |
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| membrane-bound compartment within chloroplasts; site of light reactions in photosynthesis; form stacks called grana |
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| occur in thylakoid membranes; produce 1 ATP and 2 NADPH |
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| use stored energy to form sugars; do not require light to take place; use ATP and NADPH produced in light reactions; occur in stroma of chloroplast |
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| adenosine triphosphate; nucleotide carrier used to shuttle free energy around cells |
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| shuttles around high energy electrons in cells; an electron donor |
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| absorb and "harvest" light; "satellite dish" of pigments that capture light energy to send excited electrons; first protein complex in light-dependent reactions; |
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| shuttles electrons to Cytochrome b6f |
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| shuttles electrons to Photosystem I |
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| where additional light energy is absorbed to excite electrons to an even higher energy level so that NADPH+ will accept electrons and become NADPH |
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| complex located in the thylakoid membranes where hydrogen atoms produced by the splitting of water and those pulled in during electron transport are used to produce ATP |
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| the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reaction |
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| proteins that are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reactions without being physically changed themselves in the process |
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| enzyme used during fixation of the Calvin cycle |
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| primary enzyme involved in photosynthesis; turns 5 carbon sugar into 6 carbon sugars with CO2 |
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| produced during fixation (step 1) of Calvin cycle; Rubisco combines Rubp and CO2 from atmosphere to produce to 3-PGA |
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| high energy building block for other sugars and carbs; generated during reduction using ATP and NADPH |
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| first step of Calvin cycle; aka fixation; involves RuBisCo; generates 2 3-PGA |
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| 2nd step of Calvin cycle; first sugar G-3-P is produced; ATP and NADPH add energy to 2 3-PGAs and reshuffling is done |
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| last step of the Calvin cycle; RuBP is regenerated using G-3-P molecules; one G-3-P is used to make a sugar |
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| the initial incorporation of CO2, catalyzed by RuBisCo; occurs 3 times during one turn of the cycle thus producing 6 3-PGA molecules |
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| when RuBP carboxylase acts as RuBP oxygenase so that no CO2 is fixed and is released in this process |
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| core enzyme in photosynthesis; much is produced during the oxygenase reaction of the Calvin cycle |
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| curve between these two point: light compensation point - the point at which net photosynthesis is zero; light saturation point - the point at which more sunlight does not mean a faster rate of photosynthesis |
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| the point along the light response curve where the net rate of photosynthesis is zero; below the point more respiration is occurring than photosynthesis; above more photosythesis occurring than respiration; little or no growth can occur near this point |
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| measure of the amount of oxygen produced by leaves when exposed to different wavelengths of light; red and blue wavelengths used by plants |
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| leaves in the upper canopy; thicker and have less surface area |
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| leaves in the lower crown; thinner and have more surface area to capture light efficiently |
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| Stomatal effects (of drought on photosynthesis) |
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| trees often respond to drought by closing stomata |
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| interal problems that occur during water stress(drought) that limit photosynthesis; chloroplast disruption, decreased enzymatic activity, decreased chlorophyll content |
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| large dose of air pollution from a single source that has a dramatic impact on plant growth and can cause massive kills of trees |
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| Non-point source pollution |
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| widespread sources of pollution that cannot be identified as originating from a single source but also have a dramatic impact on tree growth |
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| chemicals released directly into the air in a harmful form |
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| those resulting from reactions in the atmosphere and between primary pollutants |
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| one of the most phototoxic and widespread air pollutants; reactive chemical disruptive to plant membranes; can be spread far and wide from original sources |
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| most common limiting factor; causes reduced chlorophyll production; yellowed leaves; have greatest effect on leaf area production |
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| one of the most common nutrient deficiencies; very limiting to pine growth; affects photosynthetic rates growth |
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| the oxidation of food that results in the release of energy in the form of ATP; occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria; also produces carbon compounds used as buildling blocks for growth |
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| site of cellular respiration within the cell; the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane |
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| occurs in cytoplasm; first major step of respiration; starts with glucose and ends with pyruvate; 2 net ATP produced |
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| aka citric acid cycle; break down pyruvate to produce CO2; occurs in mitochondrial matrix; 8 NADH and 2 FADH2 produced; occurs in 2 steps |
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| primary electron carrier used by cells in the oxidation of fuel molecules |
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| used for the synthesis of new plant material; highly correlated to total growth of plant; very high in young plants during growth seasons |
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| used to keep existing tissue alive, functioning, and healthy; influenced by environmental stress - causes higher levels of maintenance respiration; increases over life of tree as mass of living tissue needing maintenance is ever increasing |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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| aka electron transport chain; occurs in mitochondrial inner membranes; protons pumped into inner membrane space; electrons required are donated by NADH from Krebs cycle |
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| Outer mitochondrial membrane |
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| phospholipid bilayer; semi-permeable |
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| Inner mitochondrial membrane |
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| permeable only to oxygen, water and CO2; includes complexes of electron transport system, ATP synthase complex, and transport proteins |
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| folds in inner membrane of mitochondria forming layers; increase total surface area of inner membrane |
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| innermembrane space; contains enzymes necessary for Krebs cycle; also contains oxygen, CO2, water, and electron shuttles; matrix always has close contact with inner membrane because of high surface area which accounts for slow process of diffusion |
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| reduces pore spaces in soil; less oxygen and CO2 in soil for plant to use |
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| anaerobic respiration; uses pyruvate to keep processes moving forward; produces ethanol or lactate as waste products; burns through carbs at a quicker rate than produced |
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| a measure of free energy (energy able to do work) of water; water moves from regions of high to regions of low water potential; pure water has a water potential of 0; units of pressure: MPa |
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| aka osmotic potential; adding solutes to water lowers osmotic potential; osmotic potential + turgor pressure = water potential; adding solutes makes a negative water potential; the use of semi-permeable membranes |
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| Ψg; the taller the tree, the higher gravity potential that must be overcome in order to get water to the leaves |
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| aka turgor potential or pressure potential; results when pressure is applied to the water; living cells typically have positive turgor pressure unless they are drought stressed and are wilted |
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