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| Cursed by Aphrodite to fall in love w/ Hippolytus (her stepson). She kills herself to end her suffering and leaves a note accusing him of raping her. She is an archetype of a weak, highly sexualized, manipulative woman. |
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| Stepson of Phaedra, son of Theseus. He refuses to worship Aphrodite, so she sets out for his destruction. He is wrongly accused of raping Phaedra, but cannot defend himself because he took an oath never to tell that she was in love with him. This leads to his death. His predicament illustrates problems with oaths, begrudging the gods... |
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| Eastern princess (from Colchis). Has witch-like powers. She and Jason swear an oath of "marriage" which he reneges when he has an opportunity to marry the king's daughter. She is enraged and kills his new wife and his children. Medea is an example of a strong female character. Can women take oaths? Was it a real marriage? Similarities to Achilles. |
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| Swore an "oath of marriage" w/ Medea. Reneged when he was offered the kings daughter. Ditched her for social standing. Illustrates how breaking oaths leads to horrible consequences. |
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| son/brother of oedipus. Killed his brother Eteocles after he tried to take his power. Supplicated to Oedipus, but his father refutes him because he has been such a bad son and exiled him. |
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| King of Athens, takes pity on Oedipus and defends him against Creon |
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| Cursed man for killing his father and marrying his mother. King of Thebes for a period of time. Old in "Oedipus at Colonus", blind, needs his daughters to help him live. |
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| Daughter of Oedipus. Seen as brave in "Antigone" for bury her brother against the law, and as caring in "Oedipus at Colonus" when she cares for her old father. |
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| King of Thebes. In "Antigone", stubborn in his refusal to bury Polynices, leads to his son and wife killing themselves. Tries to bring Oedipus back to Thebes to be buried against his will. |
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| Wife of Menelaus. Gods put her in Egypt during the Trojan War, Menelaus and her reunite in "Helen" after escaping the Egyptian king, who of course wants to marry Helen. |
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| Protagonist in "Birds". Can’t let well enough alone, wants to go somewhere with peace away from Athens, but then meddles once he meets the birds. (polypragmosyne) |
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| Leader of woman in "Assembly-Women". Suggests at assembly in Athens that the women should take over leadership. Well-spoken in rhetoric from watching the speakers at Assembly during (probably) the Peloponnesian War when she lived with her husband. Institutes communism in Athens. |
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| The protagonist of the comedy "The Acharnians". Mocks Athenian system of government throughout assembly. Obtains private peace treaty with Sparta and reaps the benefits despite disdain of some fellow Athenians. Name literally means justice-city. |
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| Questioned by Socrates in "Gorgias" about virtue, the nature of rhetoric, art, power, temperance, justice, and good versus evil. |
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| Hosts Gorgias. Opposes Socrates near end of discussion, gives him a hard time about being a philosopher at such an old age. |
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| Old friend of Socrates who tries to convince him to escape prison in "Crito" before his execution. Willing to make any sacrifice to save Socrates, has more of an emotional connection to Socrates than Socrates has for him. |
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| Everything started with water, it is the first principle of all things, earth made of water...wanna help me out here helen? :) |
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| Condensation, evaporation ideas, things are cyclical. Air is the principle of all things. Heavenly bodies come from rising moisture from the earth. |
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| Famous for ideas on the gods, that they are unknowable. They are our own creation, if horses and dogs had gods, they would be horses and dogs. Discussion fossils, scientific in some ways. |
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| If it is, it is; if it is not, it is not. Solidifies abstract thinking, he is very convincing on his basic notion of permanence. |
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| Comes up with the idea of atoms, that at the basic of all that exists, there is some un-cuttable particle. More of a breakdown to things than just the four elements. Nothing occurs at random, happens for a reason. "In reality we know nothing; for truth is hidden in an abyss." |
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| Against atomic theory, too many types of things in the world. In everything there is a little bit of everything, different things just have different proportions. The essence of everything has always existed. The mind has more power than anything. |
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| Greece the naval of the earth. First principle and element of existing things was the boundless. Believed that all things have their opposite. Studied celestial bodies and made predictions about them. Idea of evolution, we came from fish. |
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| Good for people to not get everything they want, then they will appreciate the good more. War the father and king of all things. True nature of things are hidden. Nothing is stable, ex: never step in the same river twice. |
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| delusional thinking (often result of hybris) |
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| Talking, reasoning. Plato, pre-Socratics. BIG word for Greeks |
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| Equal right to speech, everybody has this right to speak, in contrast with the lack of right to freedom, money that not everyone has. Particularly Athenian. |
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| Equality in eyes of the law for citizens. A principle of citizenship. Particularly Athenian. |
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| A definable skill that you can teach and learn. Something humans have which animals don't. Debates: is medicine a techne? is politics a techne? |
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| Learning through suffering. Theme of tragedy, an explanation of suffering. |
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| Home/household. Opposite of polis (city). |
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| City. Opposite of oikos (home). |
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| Nature. Opposite of nomos (culture). |
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| Culture, law, custom, "nurture". Opposite of physis (nature). |
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| Un-honorable gain or advantage. |
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| ritual replacement when king needs to be sacrificed. |
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| Means both drug and poison. What nurse in Hippolytus attempts to make, word for when Medea makes potions. |
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| Thucydides: Spartans homebodies, Athenians action based, doing everything, always on the move, have polypragmosyne. Exs: Peisetairos building bird city, Pericles' grand constructions in Athens, Socrates annoying people with his ideas, which makes him essentially Athenian. |
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| "Natural philosophers". Studied the nature of nature. Had a multiplicity of ideas but common goal of trying to organize and codify natural processes. |
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| Use persuasion and rhetoric. Look at what language is as a cultural system. Examples:Protagoras, Plato, Gorgias, Antiphon. |
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| Sophist. Wrote "on truth". Some of his actual texts still exist. |
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| Strategos of Athens in its prime. Very elite background. Anaxagoras an influence on him. Well liked by people, never undermined his authority with excessive social events. Best speaker in Athens. Oversaw huge construction endeavors in Athens. Thought to have died of plague. |
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| Pericles' citizenship law |
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| To be a citizen of Athens both a person's mother and father must be citizens, he/she must be born in Attica. Businessmen can't be citizens. Artisans can be citizens. Large slave population in Athens (war captives, born into it, families sold them). |
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| Play competition in Athens. 17,000 people would attend. Slaves come, unknown for certain if women came. People sit by tribe, political units. All actors men. Also at same time: parade of orphan children. |
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| marriage rituals where man takes woman away, taking her wrist, woman’s old life, ties to her family, are dying. Antigone marries death. Contract btw father and groom. more needed? |
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| Pericles puts the emphasis on the group's accomplishments. Pays no attention to individual acts of bravery. Echoes Solon's "to die young and doing something honorable is to be truly happy". |
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| 430. Horrible plague strikes athens. Leads people to rebuff the standards of virtue and morality previously adhered to. Many men died, diminishing athens forces during wartime. |
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| Cleon v. Diodotus. The athenians had sentenced all Mytilenean men to death for their attempted rebellion against athens to join sparta. However, they had second thoughts and so reconvened the assembly. Cleon argues that the athenians have gone soft and that it is just to kill them and any words to the contrary are mere rhetoric. Diodotus argues that the question is not what is just, but what is in the best interest of athens. He argues how impossible it would be to manage allies if they had such a draconian punishment for rebellion. Raises central issue of role of rhetoric and whether rhetoric is good or bad for society. Just because you can persuade people of something, should you? |
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| Spartans take over Plataea by telling the Plataeans that they will bring them before impartial judges in a fair trial. Instead, they ask them merely what help they've given Sparta in front of spartan judges. Plataeans feel they've been unfairly treated. Thebans argue they founded plataea and are the rightful leaders. Argues they entered peacefully and it was only when the Plataeans realized they had greater numbers that combat began. Say that plateans are just appealing to pity. |
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| Athenians want the Melians to be their colony/part of their empire. The Melians wish to stay independent without war. The Athenians believe that to stay and independent state elevates the melians to a position of power and makes them a threat. The Melians believe Athens will only make more enemies by forcing independent states into servitude. -> Ends in war. Key issues: the scales of justice weigh towards those with power, |
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| Planned the construction of large architectural endeavors including the Parthenon and the Acropolis in Athens, to gain the city everlasting fame and produces a source of employment for all types of people. |
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| Unlike temples in that they are built around actual physical remains or a particular site associated with a hero's death. Oedipus an example, he blessed the land he died upon. Often for those who suffered in death. |
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| Killing of animals to honor the gods, a feast for both humans and gods, with people eating the edible parts of the animal after burning and sending the entrails/bones up to the gods. Gods expect sacrifices, if they do not receive them, they get mad, ex: Aphrodite in Hippolytus |
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| People living inland of the Black Sea. Herodotus portrayed them drinking blood from skulls, using hemp to "get high". Underscores that they are barbarians with customs very different from the Greeks. Illustrates the xenophobia in Greek culture and the disdain for "the other". |
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| Their customs are often the inverse of Greek customs. Women attend the marketplace, men do the weaving etc. Illustrates that though they are highly advanced, they are very much foreign and "backwards". |
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| "natural philosophers", studied the nature of nature. Though as a group they present a multiplicity of theories, they have a common goal of organizing and codifying natural phenomena. |
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| Medical writers. Needed to balance theorizing and the abstract with the observed. Used human excretions to try to explain phenomena. Presented a multiplicity of ideas but had common goal of finding a set of best practices and explanations for medical phenomena. |
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| War between Sparta and Athens. Pericles was Strategos in Athens. Destroyed Athens' naval supremacy. Caused by Athenian aggression and expansion which troubled Sparta and her allies. |
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| Lover of Pericles, would kiss him in public, mother of two of his children. Well-educated, a great speaker (must have been to converse with men, whom she hosted at parties at her house). |
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| Greek sophist and rhetorician. Appears in Plato's "Gorgias" |
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| Plato's teacher. Never wrote his own work, always depicted in Plato. Some of his most fundamental ideas: pursuing what's right even in the face of universal opposition and the pursuit of knowledge even when opposed, if you know what is right, you will do it. He was eventually put on trial for "corrupting youth" and refused to escape even though he could. Died supporting his principles (though he was old, so it wasn't too much of a sacrifice). He tends only to tear down other's opinions rather than construct his own school of thought. |
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| Athenian statesman during the Peloponnesian War. Critic of Pericles, took over his thrown once Pericles died. Gained popularity of citizens by increasing jury pay. |
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| Wrote the Gorgias, Crito, Republic and Apology among other works. Most famous pupil of Socrates. Focused on examining ethical issues (what is virtue? what is a good state? how is it run? what is justice?) In the Republic he attempts to construct the perfect state. |
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| Athenian statesman during the Peloponnesian War. Critic of Pericles, took over his thrown once Pericles died. Gained popularity of citizens by increasing jury pay. |
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