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| : First Caliph, Muhammad’s best friend, father of Aisha, accompanied Muhammad in the Hijra, one of the first converts, Sadiq(the truthful), Ridda Wars, Jizya tax evaders were brought to justice |
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| Leader of the Banu Ummayah, lead Quraysh against Muhammad, converted during the conquest of Mecca, father of Mua’wiyah, grandfather of Yazid, and the husband of Hind. |
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| He raised Muhammad after the death of his grandfather, protected Muhammad using his tribal links, Uncle of Muhammad, father of Ali, did not convert to Islam |
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| Imam of Ismailis, leader of the Ismaili community, extremely rich, leader of the Agha Khan Foundation, a global NGO |
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| The family of the prophet (the ones who lived in Muhammad’s house). Usually referring to Ali, Hassan, Hussain and Fatima and their off springs. |
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| The family of the prophet (the ones who lived in Muhammad’s house). Usually referring to Ali, Hassan, Hussain and Fatima and their off springs. |
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| The ones who follow the book, this term can be used for Jews and Christians, forced conversion was not allowed since they already were following a religion that had its own text. |
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| daughter of Abu Bakr, wife of Muhammad, did not get along with Ali, lead an army against Ali in the battle of Camel, narrator of a lot of Hadith |
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| Muhammad’s title, shows his trustworthiness |
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| 4th Caliph, Muhammad’s cousin, Bab Al Ilm, ‘The Islamic version of Superman’. Heroics at Badr. Courageous warrior. Intellectual and wise in his later years. Assassination at Najaf. Fought Aisha in the battle of Camel. |
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| the devotion to Ali, and the belief that there was some secret knowledge being transmitted to Ali by Muhammad and that when Muhammad passed away someone with religious authority would be his deputy, the Imam and that Ali was the Imam. |
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| The helpers, the people of Madina who welcomed the Meccans into their city. The natives of Madina. |
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| The 10th day of Muharram, the day when Hussain was Shaheed. |
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| Friends of God, plural of Wali which basically means friends. |
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| The 2 tribes that came to Muhammad for arbitration and then offered Muhammad their city, Yathrib, as a place where Muhammad could find refuge for the prosecuted Muslims. |
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| Location of Battle of Badr, first major victory for Muslims, lead to false confidence that lead to the loss at Uhud. Ali emerged as a hero at Badr. (624 CE) |
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| the inside of a person or an entity. Antonym of Zahir. |
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| Clan of Muhammad, keyholders of Ka’abah. |
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| Controversial clan which, according to Ibn Ishaq, had 800 members of the clan killed by Muhammad for disobeying set commands and rules and by betraying the Muslims in Medina after the Trench battle. |
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| The clan of Abu-Sufyan and Usman, usually presented in bad light as the leader, Sufyan, was the father of Mu’awiyah and the grandfather of Yazid. |
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| The attack on Medina that was carefully dealt with through building a moat outside Medina and using a war of attrition to defeat the Quraysh. Followed with the Banu Qurayza event. |
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| The war between Aisha and Ali, waged on the allegation that Ali was not doing enough to prosecute the killers of Usman. Talha and |
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The remembrance of God through verbal speech, Schubel used the example today when he said ‘Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo’. This is used to create a trance and almost take one to another level of existence. As you guys can see, it’s a predominantly Sufi concept :P
a form of devotion, associated chiefly with Sufism, in which the worshiper is absorbed in the rhythmic repetition of the name of God or his attributes. |
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| The first Sura (chapter) of Quran, |
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| Daughter of Muhammad, wife of Ali, mother of Hasan and Husayn. |
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| The place where Muhammad said that Ali was the Mawla was whatever he was the Mawla of. Construed as the confirmation of Ali’s Khilafat/Imamat by some and by some it is taken as just an affirmation of Muhammad’s love for Ali. |
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The son of Ali and Fatima, the grandson of Muhammad.
He compromised with Muaweya, and agreed not to rebel against him as long as he doesn’t hurt Hasan’s companions or make his son the caliph after him (which happened)
Mu’awya bribed Hasan’s wife to kill him. |
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| literally means exodus. to Yathrib ( later known as Madina), after the tribes of Aws and Khazrag agreed on entering Islam if Muhamad was to solve their problems. This Hijra included the prophet. |
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Wife of Abu-Sufian, ordered a slave to kill Hamza in the battle of Uhud because Hamza had killed some members of her family. She also chewed his liver.
She is from the clan of Banu Umayyah. |
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| Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was an important event that took place during the formation of Islam. It was a pivotal treaty between Muhammad, representing the state of Medina, and the Quraish tribe of Mecca in March 628. It helped to decrease tension between the two cities, affirmed a 10-year peace, and authorized Muhammad's followers to return the following year in a peaceful pilgrimage, The First Pilgrimage. |
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| The son of Ali and Fatima. The third shia Imam. Husayn is highly regarded by Shiite Muslims because he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I,because he considered the rule of the Umayyads unjust. At Karbala his caravan was intercepted by Yazid I's army, leaded by Ibn Zeiad. He was killed and beheaded in the Battle of Karbala in 680 during the month of Muharram. |
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| is a jinn who refused to bow for Adam. The primary characteristic of the Devil is hubris. His primary activity is to incite humans and jinn to commit evil through deception, which is referred to as "whispering into the hearts". |
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| An islamic leader; worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community by Sunni Muslims |
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| Associated with regions in which Muslims are culturally dominant, but not specifically with the religion of Islam. |
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| Believers of Ismail as the Imam after Jaffar As Sadiq |
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| The largest Shi’i community, the Twelvers, believe that there are Twelve Imams. Each of the first eleven Imams was martyred. The Twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi. He was born in secret and for the first part of his life kept contact with his community through as series of representatives called vakils until finally in the year 945 C.E. he entered into what is called “the Greater Occultation.” He has been in hiding ever since. He is still alive and does not age. He sometimes appears to people to help them in times of trouble but does not reveal his identity. He will reappear sometime in the future when the time is right to bring about a just social order. |
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He was a great man who had a lot of interests like chemistry. He set the basics of Alchemy that formed the basics of Chemistry. He is the 6th Shi’i Imam
1. Jafar defined something as Al-Nass. This means that the Imam will designate the next Imam.
2. He also developed the doctrine of ‘Taqiyyah’. If your life, property or possession is threatened then you can dissimilate and practice Taqqiyah a.k.a. pretend not to be Shia.
3. Jafar appointed Ismail as his heir, but Ismail died before Jafar died. Was he the true Imam? That is what Ismailis think. |
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| is an Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the state of ignorance of the guidance from God" or "Days of Ignorance" referring to the allegedly barbaric condition in which Arabs found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia |
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| also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies, are supernatural creatures in early Arabian and later Islamic mythology and theology. |
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| God sent the Quran through the angel Gabriel. In Hadith of Umar: Jibra’il appears as a man and tells Muhammad about the 5 pillars of Islam. Also appeared after Battle of Trench. |
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a cuboid building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque, Al-Masjid al-Haram, in Mecca. Considered the "House of God". Muslims pray facing the Kaaba when performing salat (prayer). From any point in the world, the direction facing the Kaaba is called the qibla.
After Muslims conquered Mecca, they destroyed the 360 idols that were inside and around the Ka’bah. |
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| Battle of Karbala when Imam Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad, and a Shia Imam, was killed by the forces of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I at Karbala. Family members, accompanying Hussein ibn Ali, were killed or subjected to humiliation. Hussein had refused to give an oath of allegiance to Yazid. |
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| Wife of the prophet. The first convert to Islam. Khadijah spent of HER wealth to support the early Muslims. She was older than prophet. Mother of Fatima. She died before Muhammad. |
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| "successor" or "steward". A caliph . |
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Kharijites, “those who left.”
The Kharijites rejected both Muawiyah and Ali establishing their own exclusivist Islamic community. Eventually Ali was murdered in the Iraqi city of Najaf by an assassin from the Kharijites during the month of Ramadan while prostrate in prayer. |
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| is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for seven, nine, or nineteen years before the Day of Judgment and will rid the world of evil. For Sunnis, the Mahdi is Muhammad's successor who is yet to come. For most Shia Muslims, the Mahdi was born but disappeared and will remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world, a doctrine known as the Occultation. For Twelver Shia, this "hidden Imam" is Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam. |
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| The birthplace of Muhammad and the site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran. Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba-the direction of Muslim prayer. |
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| burial place of Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca. n June 622 CE, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, along with his companion Abu Bakr. |
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| Are the two parts of a Night Journey that, according to Islamic tradition, the prophet of Islam,Muhammad took during a single night around the year 621. It has been described as both a physical and spiritual journey. Part of the journey, Muhammad travels on the steed Buraq to "the farthest mosque" where he leads other prophets in prayer. He then ascends to heaven in the Mi'raj journey where he speaks to God, who gives Muhammad instructions to take back to the faithful regarding the details of prayer. |
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| The location where Muhammad received his first revelations from God through the angel Jebril. During the Hajj, around 5,000 Muslims climb up to the Hira cave daily to see the place where Muhammad is believed to have received the first revelation of the Quran on the Night of Power. |
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Notable, the appointment of Mu’awiyah, son of Abu Sufyan, to Syria by his cousin Uthman.
Ali is put forward as Kalif after Uthman’s murder
Mu’awiyah refuses to accept Ali, claims he should be the Kalif, and questions Ali as to why he is not punishing the murderers of Uthman
Mu’awiyah makes an alliance with Christians against Ali
Ali submits to arbitration with Mu’awiyah
This caused many people to leave, the Kharijites
They declare that nobody are Muslims but them
They sent assassins to kill Ali and Mu’awiyah at the same time on the same day
The First Four Kalifs were correct and rightly guided.
Mu’awiyah then declared himself Kalif, but he’s not special like the previous ones
He’s got some problems….
Ali had two sons: Hassan
Mu’awiyah negotiated a deal with Hassan.
The deal was Mu’awiyah won’t attack Hassan’s followers
kills husyan and puts heads on stake |
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A raid takes place in Naklah against the Meccans.
Muslims got a lot of booty.This is difficult because it happened during a sacred truce month and people got mad. Sent two important messages:Violence is ok if it is to free someone from persecution.There is a shift now… We are now obeying the Prophet, not old religion. |
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| In Twelver Shi'ah Islam/Ismaili, nass refers to the nomination of an Imam or Da'i al-Mutlaq by a previous Imam or Dai |
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| The civilized world or inhabited world. |
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| a Muslim saint or holy man “a guide?”, also known as Shaikh, his followers are called Mureed. |
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| word for messenger “prophet” |
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| Shari'a is an Arabic word meaning “path” or “way.” Today the term is used most commonly to mean “Islamic law,” the detailed system of religious law developed by Muslim scholars in the first three centuries of Islam and still in force among fundamentalists today.There are two primary sources of sharia: the Quran, and the Hadiths. |
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| an Arab leader, in particular the chief or head of an Arab tribe, family, or village. “A guide?” |
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| At the Battle of Siffin Mu’awiyah’s troops came forward with pages of the Qur’an tied to their swords and demanded arbitration. Ali agreed which led a group of his most fervent supporters to lose faith in him. How could Ali—the father of the Prophet’s grandsons, the hero of the battle of Badr, the lion of God—agree to negotiate with a mere politician like Mu’awiayh? They left the field of conflict and henceforth became known as the Kharijites, “those who left.” |
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| the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions (or disapprovals) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammad's companions. |
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| is a chapter of the Quran. There are 114 chapters of the Quran, each divided into verses. |
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| a reading of the Quran; an interpretation and contextual addition, explanation. |
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A tariqa has a murshid (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as murīdīn , meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God" (also called a faqīr فقير)
The metaphor of "way, path" is to be understood in connection of the term sharia which also has the meaning of "path", more specifically "well-trodden path; path to the waterhole". The "path" metaphor of tariqa is that of a further path, taken by the mystic, which continues from the "well-trodden path" or exoteric of sharia towards the esoteric haqiqa. A fourth "station" following the succession of shariah, tariqa and haqiqa is called marifa. This is the "unseen center" of haqiqa, and the ultimate aim of the mystic, corresponding to the unio mystica in Western mysticism. |
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| Concept of monotheism in Islam. Allah is one. |
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| The largest Shi’i community, the Twelvers, believe that there are Twelve Imams. Each of the first eleven Imams was martyred. The Twelfth and final Imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi. He was born in secret and for the first part of his life kept contact with his community through as series of representatives called vakils until finally in the year 945 C.E. he entered into what is called “the Greater Occultation.” He has been in hiding ever since. He is still alive and does not age. He sometimes appears to people to help them in times of trouble but does not reveal his identity. He will reappear sometime in the future when the time is right to bring about a just social order. |
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| a battle on Mt. Uhud, muslims were over-confident so the lost.Hamza was killed during Uhud. |
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| the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion. |
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| was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the third of the Sunni Rashidun. Created the Uthman Codex -- now the Quran used by virtually everyone. |
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| the governor of a province in an Arab country. |
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| now “Medina.” burial place of Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca. n June 622 CE, after being warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to Yathrib, along with his companion Abu Bakr. |
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| Second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one through inheritance). Yazid was the Caliph as appointed by his father Muawiyah I. Battle of Karbala- killed Imam Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad because he had refused to give an oath of allegiance to Yazid. |
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| literal meaning is external and manifest. The Quran also has a exotericor apparent meaning known as zahiri meaning. The actions of an individual are the Zahir and the intention within the heart is the Batin. In Sufism, batin is the world of souls whereas zahir is the world of bodies. If one excels in his batin while living in zahir, that is when he is able to elevate spiritually. Sufi orders believe in the purification of the batin through their spiritual guide to assure a zahir which follows Shariat. |
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