Term
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Definition
| REST OF EUROPE EXPLODED IN 19TH CENTURY; ROMANTICISM; REALISM; CONSERVATISM; LIBERALISM; RADICALISM-REPUBLICANISM; HUMANITARIANISM; SOCIALISM; NATIONALISM; ETC. |
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Definition
| COMES OUT OF FRENCH REFOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT - REASON - ROMANTICS SAY EVERYTHING IS NOT LOGICAL THEY ARE EMOTIONAL - DEFINITION - A NINETEENTH-CENTURY INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC MOVEMENT THAT REJECTED THE EMPHASIS ON REASON OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT. INSTEAD, ROMANTICS STRESSED THE IMPORTANCE OF INTUITION, FEELING, EMOTION, AND IMAGINATION AS SOURCES OF KNOWING |
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| MOR THAN 50 REVOLUTIONS- THINGS ARE NTO THAT ROMANTIC - REALITY VS. FANTICY - MORE PERSONAL CONTROL - DARKER - DEFINITION: A NINETEENTH-CENTURY SCHOOL OF PAINTING THAT EMPHASIZED THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF ORDINARY PEOPLE, DEPICTED WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC ACCURACY |
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| AN IDEOLOGY BASED ON TRADITION AND SOCIAL STABILITY THAT FAVORED THE MAINTENANCE OF ESTABLISHED INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZED RELIGION, AND OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY AND RESISTED CHANGE, ESPECIALLY ABRUT CHANGE, ALLOWED GRADUAL CHANGE THAT DOES NOT AFFECT STATUS OR SOCIET (LIKE ENGLAND) |
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| AN IDEOLOGY BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT PEOPLE SHOULD BE AS FREE FROM RESTRAINT AS POSSIBLE. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM IS THE IDEA THAT THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT INTERFERE IN THE WORKINGS OF THE ECONOMY. POLITICAL LIBERALISM IS THE IDEA THAT THERE SHOULD BE RESTRAINTS IN A CONSTITUTIONAL STATE WITH A REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY - MOVEMENT OF MOSTLY MIDDLE CLASS; WANTED RECOGNITION OF GOD; FREEDOM OF RELIGION; FREEDOM OF SPEECH; FREE ELECTIONS; EDUCATION RIGHTS; SOCIAL EQUALLITY BY MERIT NOT BIRTH; LAZZIE-FAIR POLITICS; NOT DEMOCRATIC; NO PEASANT VOTING; PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS; DO WHAT CAN TO HELP WORKING CLASS BUT NOT READY TO VOTE |
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Term
| RADICALISM = REPUBLICANISM |
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Definition
| NO MORE MONARCHY; UNIVERSAL MANHOOD SUFFERAGE- ALL MEN CAN VOTE; SOCIAL WELFARE ISSUES FOR THE POOR, ORPHANS; SECRET BALLOT PURE SECULARISM BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND STATE; EQUAL ELECTORIALISM; DEMOCRACY; |
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Definition
| HEIGHTENED SINCE OF CRUELTY UPON OTHERS; BEFORE: ORPHANS TREATED HORRIBLE; HOSPITALS NOT SANITARY; DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE BABY THERE, HAVE ANWHERE; AFTER: HIGHCLASS WOMEN HELPING HOMELESS; IMPROVED MENTAL FACILITIES; TOURTURE NOT POPULAR; LAST HANGING IN 1962 |
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| 829-GOVERNMENT BECAME FIRMLY ENTRENCHED IN EASTERN GERMANNY, BULGARIA, ROMANIA, POLAND AND HUNGARY DEF: a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general. |
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| DEF: A SENSE OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS BASED ON AWARENESS OF BEING PART OF A COMMUNITY- A "NATION" - THAT HAS COMMON INSTITUTIONS, TRADITIONS, LANGUAGE, AND CUSTOMS AND THAT BECOMES THE FOCUS OF THE INDIVIDUALS PRIMARY POLITICAL LOYALTY (AUSTRIA-HUNGARY)- NOTES: PEOPLE WITH COMMON: LANGUAGE, HISTORY, WORLD VIEW; STARTS OFF AS CULTURAL NATIONALISM--HUNGARIANS PUBLISH FOLKLORE, PUBLISH AND TEACH CHILDREN SONGS IN HUNGARIAN, PROTECT CULTURE, HISTORY, AND LANGUAGE-POLITICAL: WANT TO HAVE RIGHTS, USUALLY MIXED WITH ROMANTICISM, CAUSES REVOLUTION AND WAR |
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| DEF: STUDENT SOCIETIES IN THE GERMAN STATES DEDICATED TO FOSTERINT THE GOAL OF A FREE, UNITED GERMANY - NOTES: PRUSSIA STUDENTS RISE UP BECAUSE OF THEY ARE ANGRY WITH OLD GOV. (MONARCHY), WANTED CHANGE, STUDENTS FEEL THEY ARE BEING SHAFTED SO THEY SET UP THIS SOCIAL GROUP AND START TALKING POLITICS, WANTED TO KNOW WHAT HAPPENED TO THE IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT; ONE CRAZY STUDENT SHOT AND KILLED A DIPLOMAT SO THE GOVERNMENT ISSUES THE CARLSBAD DECREES |
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Term
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Definition
1.MADE STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS ILLEGAL 2.CENSORSHIP WAS ISSUED
3.SECRET POLICE TO SPY AND MAKE SURE THERE WAS NO ONE DOING ANYTHING WRONG ***LIBERALISM |
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Definition
| 598-NOTES:ALTHOUGH ALEXANDER'S BROTHER CONSTATINE WAS THE LEGAL HEIR TO THE THRONE, HE HAD RENOUNCEDC HIS CLAIMS IN FAVOR OF HIS BROTHER NICHOLAS. CONSTATINE'S ABDICATION HAD NOT BEEN MADE PUBLIC, HOWEVER, AND DURING THE ENSUING CONFUSION IN DECEMBER 1825, THE MILITARY LEADERS OF THE NORTHERN UNION REBELLED AGAINST THE ACCESSIION OF NICHOLAS. THIS REVOLT WAS SOON CRUSHED BY TROOPS LOYAL TO NICHOLAS, AND ITS LEADERS WERE EXECUTED |
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Definition
| 598-WAS RUSSIAN TSAR REACTIONARY RULER WHO SOUGHT TO PREVENT REBELLION IN RUSSIA BY STRENGTHENING THE GOVERNMENT BUREAUCRACY, INCREASING CENSORSHIP, AND SUPPRESSING INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM BY THE USE OF POLITICAL POLICE. NOTES: ALEXANDER I DIES AND BROTHER COMES IN AND KILLS CONSPIRACY, PUTS LID ON LIBERALISM, 1825-1855 HE IS A MILATARY PERSON - RUSSIA IS CLOSED OFF AND HE BUILDS UP THE MILITARY. CENSORSHIP *NO FREEDOM* DICTATORSHIP UNTIL 1855 |
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Definition
| 603-THE NEW ELECTIONS CHARLES X HAD CALLED IN 1830 PRODUCED ANOTHER VICTORY FOR THE FRENCH LIBERALS; AT THIS POINT, THE KING DECIDED TO SEIZE THE INITIATIVE. ON JULY 26, 1830, CHARLES ISSUED A SET OF EDICTS KNOWN AS THE JULY ORDINANCES, THAT IMPOSED RIGID CENSORSHIP ON THE PRESS, DISSOLVED THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, AND REDUCED THE ELECTORATE IN PREPARATION FOR NEW ELECTIONS. CHARLES'S ACTIONS PRODUCED AN IMMEDIATE REBELLION -- CHARLES DENIES LIBERALISM - HE EVENTUALLY FLEES TO ENGLAND |
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Definition
| 605- LOUIS PHILIPPE(MIDDLE CLASS)BECOMES KING OF FRANCE - INDUSTRIALISM IS PUSHING THROUGH FRANCE BRINGING IN WORKING MIDDLE CLASS- LIBERALISM DOES NOT ALLOW WORKING CLASS TO VOTE- PROPERTY OWNERS COULD VOTE. INCREASE IN PROLERIATAIN(WORKING CLASS) THAN CAN'T VOTE- PHILIPPE HAS LID ON LIBERALISM - COUNTRIES TRIED TO DEFER: BOURGEOISIE RULING - PROLATARIANS FEEL NO REPREATION EXCEPT LOUIS LEBLANC - HAVE SOCIALISM - SET UP NATIONAL WORK SHOPS - GOV. NOT HAPPY SEE AS THREAT - THEN REV. SPURING UP IN JUNE 24-26 KNOWN AS "JUNE BLOODY DAYS" 10,000 PEOPLE KILLED AND 11,000 PEOPLE PUT IN PRISON - PHILIPPE FLEES TO ENGLAND |
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| 606 - GERMAN REVOLT WANT LIBERAL REFORMS AND SOME REVOLUTIONEST GET TOGETHER TO FORM THIS PARLAMENT - WAS THE PREPARATION OF CONSTITUTION FOR A NEW UNITED GERMANY - WANT TO UNIFY ALL OF GERMANY TO CREATE ONE COUNTRY - GOES FROM LIBERALISM TO NATIONALISM BUT FAILS BECAUSE OFFER EXTENDED TO PRUSSIA KING(MILITARY)- SAYS NOT BECAUSE HE WANTS TO CONTROL SO HE DOES NOT TAKE - PARLIMANT DISSOLVES GOES BACK TO THE SAME WAY |
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Definition
| 607, 633- AUSTRIA RISES UP UNDER HIM, HE IS THE LEADER OF THE HUNGARIIAN MOVEMENTS: VIENNIES, POLISH, CROACHENS, ROMANIANS... ASKED FOR SOME POLITICAL RIGHTS, SOME CONSTROLE IN ARE, SOME PARLIMENT, LIBERAL RIGHTS (KING METERMICH FLEED TO ENGLAND)- HUNGARIAN NATIONALIST - HE REMARKED: DUALISM IS THE ALLIANCE OF THE CONSERVATIVE, REACTIONARY AND ANY APPARENTLY LIBERAL ELEMENTS IN HUNGARY WITH TOSE OF THE AUSTRIAN GERMANS WHO DESPISE LIBERTY, FOR THE OPPRESSION OF THE OTHER NATIONALITIES AND RACES: |
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Term
| LOUIS NAPOLEON = NAPOLEON III |
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Definition
| 606,621-CONSERVATIVE LEADER -IMPERIALISM- TAUGHT HIS CONTEMPORARIES HOW AUTHORITARIAN GOVERNMENTS COULD USE LIBERAL AND NATIONALISTIC FORCES TO BLOSTER THEIR OWN POWER - WAS KNOWN AS "NAPOLEON THE SMALL" - CLEVER POLITICIAN- WANTED PERSONAL POWER - WON SUPPORT OF FRENCH PEOPLE- NATIONAL ASSEMBLY REJECTED HIS WISH TO REVISE CONSTITUTION AND BE ALLOWED TO TO STAND FOR REELECTION, HE USED TROOPS TO SIEZE CONTROLE OF GOV. ON DEC. 1,1851 - RESTORED UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE - HE GOT FRENCH PEOPLE TO RESTRUCTURE GOV. BY ELECTING HIM AS PRESIDENT FOR TEN YEARS - HE WAS CHIEF OF STATE: HAD CONTROL OF ARMED FORCES, POLICE, AND CIVIL SERVICE: ONLY HE COULD INTRODUCE LEGISLATION AND DECLAIR WAR - CREATED AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHY - AS OPPOSITION TO HIS POLICIES INTENSIFIED IN THE 1860S HE BEGAN TO LIBERALIZE GOVERNMENT. HOWEVER, A DISASTROUS MILITARY DEFEAT AT THE HADS OF PRUSSIA IN 1870-78 BROUGHT THE COLLAPSE OF HIS REGIME |
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Term
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Definition
| NAPOLEON III WIFE- SPANISH AMERICAN - DAD SUPPORTS TROOPS, BRINGS IN POLICE AND DEC. 2 1851 SETS UP EDUQUAF TO KILL FRENCH REPUBLIC THEN THEY BECOME EMPEROR AND EMPRESS OF FRANCE CONSTITUTION BY 1852: PARLIMENT HAAS NO POWER OF DEBATE; CIENSORSHIP LEGAL; VARIOUS STIPULATIONAS MAKING CERTAIN OPPOSITION PARTY ILLEGAL; BANNED ALMOST ALL OPPOSITION PARTIES AND THIS CENTRALIZED POWER. - THEY IMPROVED EDUCATION FOR WOMEN; IMPERIALISM,AT FIRST WELL; MAINTAIN ALGERIA FOR FRANCE; EGYPT FRENCH INVESTORS BEGIN BUILDING SUEZ CANAL- AFRICA AND WEST COAST OBSORBED BY FRANCE; AQUIRED LANDS IN S. ASIA- VIETNANN AND LOUSE, THEN HETS INVOLVED IN WARS THAT HE LOOSES, SHE LIKES TO BUILD AND THEY COST MONEY FRENCH LOOSING MONEY |
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Term
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Definition
| FRENCH REVOLUTION AGAINST NEPOLEON III AND WIFE SO THEY GO TO ENGLAND - FRANCE NOW REPUBLIC |
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Term
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Definition
| 623,624-WHO WOULD BE THE CHIEF BENEFICIARIES OF THE DISINTERGRATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE?- (1853-56)TEST MILITARISM, CONSERVATIVES AND SUPERIORISM OF EUROPE; ELEMINATES QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE; ROCKS EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST; OTTOMEN EMPIRE IS SICK ; RUSSIANS WANT WARM WATER PORTS AND FRENCH INVOLVED IN IMPERIALISM TRY TO MAKE DEALS WITH OTTOMEN SULTEN TO FREE ACCESS; FRENCH HAVE INTEREST AND RUSSIANS WITH SAR NICHOLAS (MILATARY RULER)- MISUNDERSTANDING SPARKED THE WAR- FRENCH OTTOMENS AGAINST RUSSIAN- ENGLISH/BRITISH HELPS BECAUSE OF CONTROL OF WATER- ITALY JUMPS IN AT END- ALLIES: FRENCH, BRITIS, OTTOMENS WIN WAR AND MAINTAIN INTEGRITY- QUADRUPAL ALLIANCE IN EUROPE: 2 GROUPS ALLIANCE COME UP WITH CENTRAL POWERS AND ALLIDES: ENGLAND & fRANCE --gERMAN &AUSTRIA; DIPLOMATIC ; OUTCOME: 1.SUPPORT OTTOMEN EMPIRE 2.PENETRATE AFRICA IS NOW THE FOCUS 3.HUMANITARIAN 4.END QUADRUPAL ALLIANCE |
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Term
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Definition
| DEF: THE "COMPROMISE" OF 1867 THAT CREATED THE DUAL MONARCHY OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY EACH HAD ITS OWN CAPITAL, CONSTITUTION, AND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY BUT WERE UNITED UNDER ONE MONARCH - ALSO KNOWN AS "AUTRO-HUNGARIAN COMPROMISE" TAKES AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND MAKES INTO AUSTRIA-HUNGARY; HUNGARY HAS INTERNAL AND POLITICAL CONTROL OVER THIER OWN AREA AND ECONOMICALLY; ACCEPT FRANCE JOSEPH AS KING BUT NOT EMPORER; IN RETURN: 1.IF ANY NEGOTIATIONS DIPLOMATIC JOSEPH HAD TO HANDLE NOT HUNGARY 2.HAD TO PROVIDE TROOPS WHEN WAR (HUNGARY) HUNCARY CANT DECLARE WAR *GIVING INTO NATIONALISM *ANYONE WHO IS NOT AUSTRIAN OR HUNGARIAN WILL BE UPSET *INSTAGATES PROBLEMS |
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Term
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Definition
| 603- BECOMES KING OF FRANCE - TOOL OF BOURGOIRS (MIDDLE CLASS) INDUSTRIALISM IS PUSHING THROUGH FRANCE BRINGING IN WORKING CLASS - LIBERALISM DOES NOT ALLOW WORKING CLASS TO VOTE; PROPERTY OWNERS COULD VOTE - INCREASE IN PROLATARIAN (WORKING CLASS)THAT CANT VOTE- HE PUTS LID ON LIBERALISM AND COUNTRIES TRIED TO DEFER - CAUSE THE REVOLOUTION OF 1848 - HE FLEES TO ENGLAND |
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| (HABSBURG) SAID TO HUNGARIANS THAT HE WOULD GIVE THEM WHAT THY WANTED AND THEY WERE HAPPY - BUT IT WAS ALL TO BE ABLE TO ESTABLISH FIRM CONTROL - RADICAL REBLES WER DEFETED AND IN DECEMBER HE WAS FEBLEMINDED AND ABDICATE IN FAVOR OF NEPHEW -FRANCIS JOSEPH I- FERDINAND DIES |
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Term
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Definition
| 608,632,698- FERDINAND I NEPHEW; BECOMES EMPEROR AT 18- HE IS IDEALIST- SENDS TROOPS TO FIGHT AGAINST HUNGARIANS- BUT KNOWS HE DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH, NOW HUNGARIANS DECLAIRS INDEPENDENCE - TURNS TO NATIONALISM - SO SAR NICHOLAS RUSSIA HELPS SENDS 100,000 TROOPS TO HELP DEFEAT HUNGARIANS KOSSUTH FLED - |
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Term
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Definition
| 608,610-HE WAS THE FATHER OF ITALIAN NATIONALISM- A DEDICATED ITALIAN NATIONALIST WHO FOUNDED AN ORGANIZATION KNOWN AS THE YOUNG ITALY IN 1831 - THIS GROUP SET AS ITS GOAL THE CREATION OF A UNITED ITALIAN REPUBLIC - HE URGED ITALIANS TO DEDICATED THEIR LIVES TO THE ITALIAN NATION - IN THE REVOLT IN 1848 ITALY ASKED FOR LIBERAL RIGHTS *LIBERAL REV. TURNED INTO NATIONAL REV. BUT ALL FAILED |
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Term
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Definition
| 702,701-710,718- RULE OF ONE OVER ANOTHER - ENGLAND WAS THE LEADER, FRENCH INVOLVED IN THIS WITH NAPOLEON - DUTCH (ASIAN AND AFRICA: GET COMPLETELY ABSORBED - 2 COOUNTRIES IN AFRICA NOT DESOLVED - ETHIOPEA AND LIBERIA ( US SET UP AFTER CIVIL WAR)- BRITISH COMPETED WITH FRANCE |
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| 624,692-CRIMEAN WAR- SHE SETS UP HOSPITALS BEHIND THE FRONT TO TREAT SOLDIERS IMMEDIATLY THEN TRANSPORTED - ALSO STERILAZATION - MORE HUMANE FORM OF TREATMENT - HUMANISM |
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| 624,633,634,678-ALEXANDAR I DIED LAST YEAR OF CRIMEAN WAR 1856- HE TAKES OVER AND ENDED WAR; NO MORE MILITARISM; AUSTRIA NOT INVOLVED AND PRUSSIANS ONLY A LITTLE- HUNGARIANS TEMPORMENTAL TOOK 1 YEAR FOR SAR NICHOLAS TROOPS TO PUT DOWN - EMANCEPATES THE SURFS - HE SUED FOR PEAC AND RUSSIA SIGNED THE TREATY OF PARIS AND IN 1856 FORCED TO GIVE UP BESSARABIA AT MOUTH OF DANUBE AND ACCEPT NUTRALITY OF BLACK SEA |
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Term
| EMANCIPATION OF THE SERFS |
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Definition
| 634- ON MARCH 3,1861 ALEXANDER ISSUED HIS EDICT ; PEASANTS COULD NOW OWN PROPERTY, MARRY AS THEY CHOSE, AND BRING SUITS IN THE LAW COURTS; THEY WERE LIMITED: THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDED LAND BY PURCHASING IT FROM LANDOWNERS BUT THE LANDOWNERS OFTEN CHOSE TO KEEP THE BEST LANDS; THE RUSSIAN PEASANTS SOON FOUND THAT THEY HAD INADEQUATE AMOUNTS OF GOOD ARABLE LAND TO SUPPORT THEIMSELVES, A SITUATION THAT WORSENED AS THE PEASANT POPULATION INCREASED IN SECOND HALF OF 19TH CENT. - ALEXANDER SET UP BANDKS AND PROVIDES SURFS W/ LOANS AND SALES NOBLE'S LAND - SOLD AT HIGH PRICES SO NOBLE MAKES MONEY - SURFS WORK TO PAY OFF BANK AND PAY HIGH TAXES; KEEP WORKING BUT BOUND TO LAND |
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| DEF: "POLITICS OF REALITY." POLITICS BASED ON PRACTICAL CONCERNS RATHER THAN THEORY OR ETHICS - REAL POLITICS; KING EMANUEL PLAYS THIS GAME; DO WHAT HAVE TO DO TO GET WHAT WANT; RUMBLING ABOUT UNIFICATION BUT PRINCES AND PRINCESSES DOES NOT WANT TO GIVE UP LANDS |
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| 625-626 - MINISTER OF PEDMONT; DIPLOMAT; CAVOUR STARTED PLAYING GAMES(REALPOLITIK) GETTING INVOLVED W/ WAR MAKES THEM HAVE ALLIANCE W/ FRANCE AND FRANCE AGREED IF PEDMONT GOES TO WAR, FRANCE WILL STAY OUTO OR IF NEED BE INVADE AND HELP - HE PUTS TROOPS ON BOARDER FO AUSTRIAN EMPIRE AND DOES MANOVERS - AUSTRIA DECLAIRS WAR ON PEDMONT, FRANCE JUMPS IN AND HE GATHERS N. PART OF ITALY-- PRIME MINISTER IN 1852 ; PURSUED POLIC OF ECONOMIC EXPANSION - POURED MONEY INTO LARGE ARMY; HE MADE AGREEMENT W/ FRANCE (NAPOLEON III) |
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| 626,627S. ITALY NEW ITALIAN LEADER; DEDICATADED ITALIAN PATRIOT WHO SUPPORTED MAZZINI AND REPUBLICAN CAUSE OF YOUNG ITALY, RAISED ARMY OF A THOUSAND RED SHIRTS(HIS VOLUNTEERS WERE CALLEDBECAUSE OF DRESS)&ON MAY 11,1860, LANDED IN SICILY WHERE A REVOLT HAD BROKEN OUT AGAINST BOURBON KING OF THE TWO SICILIES; HE AND HIS RED SHIRTS WON; BY END OF JULY 1860MOST OF SICILY GAD BEEN PACIFIED UNDER HIS CONTROL; THEN THEY CROSSED OVER MAINLAND &BEGAN VICTORIOUS MARCH UP ITALIAN PENINSULA: NAPLES AND TWO SICILIES FELL EARLY SEPT. THEN CAVOUR GETS INVOLVED AND PIEDMONTESE ARMY INVADED PAPAL STATES BYPASSING ROME MOVED INTO KINGDOM OF NAPLES; HE RETIRED TO HIS FORM AND PLEBISCITES IN PAPAL STATES AND TWO SICILIES RESULTED IN WVERWHILMENG SUPPORT FOR UNION W/ PIEDMONT - ON MAR. 17,1861 NEW KINGDOM OF ITALY WAS PROCLAMED. |
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| 621,628-631,677-OF PRUSSIA; BORN INTO JUNKER CLASS (LANDOWNING ARISTOCRACY) WEALTHY PRUSSIAN LAND OWNER KNOWN AS JUNKERS WORKING FOR KING KISER WILLIAM I - STUDENT WHO READ WIDELY IN GERMAN HISTORY ; EARNED LAW DEGREE;BUILT A BASE OF DIPLOMATIC EXPERIENCE AS PRUSSIAN DELEGATE TO THE PARLIAMENT OF GERMANIC CONFEDERATION; PRUSSIAN AMBASSADOR TO RUSSIA AND FRANCE; AQUIRED WIDE KNOWLEDGE OF EUROPE AFFAIRS & LEARNED HOW TO ASSESS THE CHARACTER OF RULERS; GUIDED UNIFICATION OF GERMANY WITH PRUSSIA; PLAYED REALPOLITIK - IN 1862 RESUBMITTED ARMY APPROPRIATIONS BILL TO PARLIAMENT ALLONG W/ APPEAL TO HIS LIBERAL OPPONENTS; REJECTED BILL; HE WENT AHEAD COLLECTED TAXES & REORGANIZED ARMY BLAMING LIBERALS FOR CAUSING BREAKDOWN OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOV. FROM 62-66 GOVERNED PRUSSIA IGNORING PARLIAMENT; ACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY ENTERS DANISH WAR IN 1964- PERSUADED AUSTRIANS TO JOUIN PRUSSIA AND DANES WERE QUICKLY DEFEATED AND SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN SURRENDORED - AUSTRIA & PRUSSIA DIVIDED TWO DUTCHIES : PRUSSIA TOOK SCHLESWIG AND AUSTRIA ADMINISTERED HOLESTEIN - THEN THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866-GAINED RUSSIA'S AGREEMENT TO STAY NEATRAL BECAUSE PRUSSIA HAD BEEN ONLY GREAT POWER TO SUPPORT RUSSIA - MADE ALLIANCE WITH ITALIAN STATE; PRUSSIAN WON WAR- FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1870-71 |
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| 627,630-31,710- FRANCE AND PRUSSIA GO TO WAR BY INSTIGATING THROUGH EMS TELEGRAPH - SPANISH THROWN IS VACANT WITH NO HEIR SO HABSBURGS WANT PUT SOMEONE IN AND FRANCE WANTS TO PUT SOMEONE IN - PRUSSIA FREEKS AND WILLIAM I AND NEPOLEON (FRANCE) TALK - AGREE TO GET SMALL FAMILY DUKE TO TAKE THROWN- THIS MEETING HAPPENED IN EMS - LET BISMARK KNOW OF DECISION AND HE SAYS NEED TO MAKE FRANCE ANGERY SO SENDS TELEGRAPH - TALKED DOWN ON FRANCE - GETS INTO HANDS OF FRENCH PRESS AND WERE NTO HAPPY - IN 1871 NAPOLEON DECLAIRS WAR - FOR 1 YEAR FRANCE LOOSES AND S. GERMANY GETS SWALLOWD UP BY PRUSSIAN AND LATER AUSTRIA JUMPS IN TO SIDE W/FRANCE BECAUSE SCARED OF PRUSSIAN AND ITALY JUMPS IN FOR PRUSSIA AND GETS WENEXIA AND ITALY GETS PAPAL STATES EXCEPT VATICAN CITY (INDEPENDENT)NAPOLEON KICKED OUT OF FRANCE- ITALY UNITY - GERMANY UNIFY |
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Definition
| 653-BISMARCK RECEIVED TELEGRAM FROM KING INFORMING HIM THAT FRANCE WANTED WILLIAM I TO FORMALLY APOLOGISE, BISMARCK CHANGED IT AND MADE IT APPEAR THEY WERE INSULTING FRENCH - THIS LED TO FRANCO PRUSSIAN WAR. |
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| BY 1871 MOST OF THE SMALL STATES OF EUROPE HAD BEEN ABSORBED INTO LARGER ONES, LEAVING THE MAJOR POWERS UNCOMFORTABLY RUBING SHOULDERS WITH ONE ABOTHER; MEANWHILE THE POWER EQUATION WAS SHIFTIN: THE GERMAN EMPIRE INCREASED IN POWER WHILE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE DECLINED - FRENCH REVOLUTION AGAINST NAPOLEON AND WIFE THEY FLEE TO ENGLAND |
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Definition
| 654-A GOLDEN AGE IN EUROPENA CIVILIZATION - FROM 1895 UNTIL WWI EROPE OVERALL EXPERIENCED AN ECONOMIC BOOM AND ACHIEVED A LEVEL OF PROSPERITY THAT ENCOURAGED PEOPLE TO LATER LOOK BACK ON THIS ERA AS THE GOLDEN AGE |
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Definition
| DEF: THE APPLICATION OF DARWIN'S PRINCIPLE OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION TO THE SOCIAL ORDER; LED TO THE BELIEF TAHT PROGRESS COMES FROM THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AS THE FITTEST ADVANCE AND THE WEAK DECLINE - IN ACCORD W/ENVIRONMENT (NATURAL SELECTION) EVOLUTION; GREATER OF USE FOR ANIMALS; NO INTENTION OF USE FOR HUMANS - HERBERT SPENCER AND OTHER PEOPLE TAKE AND APPLY TO HUMANS CREATING LIST OF WHO IS HUMAN AND NOT HUMAN: GERMATIC TRIBES 100% HUMAN, SLAVES 99%GUMAN; ETC. |
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| DEF: ORGANIZED MASSACRES OF JEWS,BETWEEN 1903 AND 1906 TOOK PLACE IN ALMOST SEVEN HUNDRED RUSSIAN TOWNS AND VILLAGES, MOSTLY IN UKRAINE, HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF JEWS DECIDED TO EMIGRATE TO ESCAPE PERSECUTION; BETWEEN 1881 AND 1899 AN AVERAGE OF 23000 JEWS LEFT RUSSIA EACH YEAR AND MANY WENT TO US AND CANADA SOME TO PALESTINE |
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| 666,667,698,711,720,721,676- RULED FROM 1888-1918- INCLINED TO TACTLESS REMARKS: TOLD SOLDIERS OF BERLIN REGIMENT THAT MUST BE PREPARED TO SHOOT FATHERS AND MOTHERS IF HE ORDERED THEM TO DO SO; ABOUT 20 POWERFUL MEN JOINED HIM IN SETTING GOV. POLICY; BY 1914 GERMANY BECAME STRONGEST MILITARY AND INDUSTRIAL POWER ON CONT. - HE WAS NO MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN BISMARCK AT SLOWING SOCIAL DEMOCRATS; BY 1912 IT HAD BECOME LARGEST SINGLE PARTY IN REICHSTAG - GROWHT FRIGHTENED MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASS; HE HAD ACTIVIST FOREIGN POLICY - IN 1890 HE DISMISSED BISMARCK AND BEGAN TO CHART A NEW DIRECTION FOR GERMANY'S FOREIGN POLICY - ENHANCECD GERMAN POWER BY FINDING GERMAN'S RIGHTFUL PLACE IN THE SON; DROPPED REINSURANCE TREATY W/ RUSSIA B/C AT ODDS WITH ALLIANCE W/ ASTRIA; BROUGHT FRANCE AND RUSSIA TOGETHER -SERBS PREPARED FOR WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA AND HE INTERVENED AND DEMANDED RUSSIANS ACCEPT AUSTRIA'S ANNEXATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA OR FACE WAR W/ GERMANY THEY ACCEPTED; GAVE AUSTRIA BLANK CHECK THEIR ASSURANCE THAT AUSTRIA-HUNGARY COULD RELY ON GERMANY'S FULL SUPPORT OF WAR WITH RUSSIA - HE WAS MILITARY BRAT; ARM PARALIZED DURING BIRTH; HOMOSEXUAL; FRANZ JOSEPH MAD AT SURBIANS CLLS UP HIM IN GERMANY AND SAYS DO WAHT YOU WANT HERE IS YOUR BLANK CHECK - 1 MONTH LATER AUSTRIA DECLAIRS WAR ON SURBIA AND THEN BEGINS WWI |
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Term
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Definition
| 628 - AREA UNDER DENMARK CALLED SCHLEISWIG-HOESTEIN - DENMARK IS DANISH MIXTURE OF GERMAN AND DANISH *BISMARCK PLAYS TO GERMANS AND CAUSES CONTRIVERSY; FORCES DANISH KING TO GO TO WAR AGAINST PRUSSIA AND AUSTRIA (THEY WIN ) SCHLEISWIG GOES TO GERMANY AND HOESTEIN GOES TO AUSTRIA BUT BISMARK WANTS BOTH AND INSTIGATES WAR W/ AUSTRIA (7WEEKS WAR) ON PRUSSIA - PRUSSIA WINS GETS HOESTEIN PLUS NORTHERN GERMANY |
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| 1878 - OTTOMEN EMPIRE SICK - VARIOUS NATIONALITIES , NOT TURKISH, EX. BOSNIA, ROMANIA, ETC - 1878 RELVOLUTION IN OTTOMEN EMPIRE CALLED THIS - SIRBIA, ROMANIA, BULGARIA BECOME INDEPENDENT - NATIONALISTIC BOSNIA REMAINS UNDER PROTECTOR AUSTRIA - IMPERIALISM: FRANCE TRIES TO GET AFRICA; ENGLAND TRIES TO GET AFRICA; AUSTRIA TRIES TO GET AFRICA AND CAUSES COMPETITION ; FAILURE OF QUADRUPPLE ALLIANCE CAUSES TWO SEPARATE CAMPS: NATIONALISM STILL GOING ON |
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| 697-98- CAPTIN ALLEN DREYFUS END OF 19CENT. MAIN OFFICER IN MILITARY-HE IS A JEW- IN OFFICE OF GENERALS AND MAID GOES IN AND FINDS PAPER THAT MADED HIM LOOK LIKE HE HAD SENT SECRET INFO. TO GERMANS-THIS EXPLAINED WHY FRANCE LOST WAR AND BLAMED JEWS- HE WAS PUT ON TRIAL ; MILITARY FABRICATED THE TRUTH; HE WAS CONVICTED AND SENT TO DEVILS ISLAND FOR 6 YEARS; THEN AFTER THAT HAD ANOTHER TRIAL WHICH SHOWED ANOTHER MAN HAD DONE IT BUT COURT SAYS NO HE DID IT BUT SERVED TIME LET HIM GO - CAUSES ANTISEMINISM OF JEWS AND THEY WERE KICKED OUT OF GERMANY- HUNGARY- RUSSIAN VILLAGES- US AND OTHER COUNTRIES SAY IT WAS WRONG |
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| 693-WOMEN IN ENGLAND WANTING VOTING RIGHTS AND START WORKING WITH BRITISH PARLIMENT SO THEY START BOMBING POLITICIANS HOMES, PROTEST, HUNGER STRIKES; PUT IN JAIL |
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| 678 699 721 737 740-41 700 736 -REVL 1905 UNDER HIM - GIVES PARLAMENT DUMA; GRANTS PARLLIMENT ; ABSOLUTIST; 5 DUMAS-HE DEEPS DESOLVING WHEN DO SOMETHING HE DOES NOT LIKE - RUSSIAN REV 1917 AND CONSTITUTION TAKES OVER AND HE GETS BLOWN AWAY BY MACHINE FUSN- HE HAD FAILED TO ADDRESS SITUATION, ISSUED OCTOBER MANIFESTO IN WHICH HE GRANTED CIVIL LIBERTIES AND AGREED TO CREATE A LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY KNOWN AS DUMA, ELECTED DIRECTLY BY A BROAD FRANCHISE |
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| DEFETE IN WAR LED TO POLITICAL UPHEAVAL; AFTER JAPAN ATTACKED RUSSIAN EASTERN FLEET AT PORT ARTHUR RUSSIAN ADMITTED DEFEAT AND SUED FOR PEACE IN 1905; RUSSIANS DISCONTENT ; A MIDDLE CLASS OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL PEOPLE LONGED FOR LIBERAL INSTITUTIONS AND LIBERAL POLITICALS SYSTEM - PEASANTS STILL SUFFERING FOR LACK OF LAND; LABORERS FELT OPPRESSED; RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR LED TO FOOD SHORTAGES; ON JAN. 9,1905 MASSIVE PROCESSION OF WORKERS WENT TO WINTER PAOLACE IN ST. PETERSBURG TO PRESENT PETITION OF GRIEVANCES TO TSAR; TROOPS OPENED FIRE KILLING HUNDREDS ANDLAUNCHING REVOLUTION "BLOODY SUNDAY" |
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| 703 823ENGLAND AND GERMANY HAVE TENSION- FRANCE PROBLEMS WITH COLONY IN MORRACO; DO NOT WANT TO BE UNDER FRANCE; WILLIAM WANTS LAND IN AFRICA SO HE SENDS NEW WARSHIP"BLACK PANTHER" TO MORROCCO AND STARTS GIVING SPEECHES TO MORROCCANS - WANTS THEM TO JOIN AND FRANCE GETS ANGRY - GERMANY GETS SMALL PIECE OF CONGO TO AVOID WAR; TENSIONS GET HIGH; AUSTRIA TAKES OVER BOSNIA; SURBIA FREAKS OUT WANTS TO BE GREAT COUNTRY; ANGRY AT FRANZ JOSEPH |
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| 711-12 719-20 711-13 725-26 791- SICK MAN ABOUT TO DIE - ALL BULKING GET INTO WAR WITH OTTOMENS FOR MASSIDONIA AND THEN BULGARIA GOT TOO BIG (2 WAR) POWDER KEG OF WAR - OTTOMENS CANT CONTROL LED TO 3 BULCANS WAR - WWI - - BOSNIAN CRISIS INITIATED CHAIN OF EVENTS; EUROPEAN ATTENTION RETURNED TO BALKINS WHEN SERBIA, BULGARIA, MONTENEGRO AND GREECE ORGANIZED BALKAN LEAGUE AND DEFEATED OTTOMANS IN FIRST WAR; VICTORIOUS ALLIES WERE UNABLE TO AGREE HOW TO DIVIDE MACEDONIA AND ALBANIA SECOND WAR ERUPTED; GREECE, SERBIA, AND ROMANIA AND OTTOMAN EMPIRE ATTACKED AND DEFEATED BULGARIA; |
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| 717-21 ON JUNE 28, 1914 THE HEIR TO AUSTRIAN THRONE, ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND WAS ASSASSINATED IN BOSNIAN CITY OF SARAJEVO. ALTHOUGH THIS EVENT PRECIPATED CONFRONTATION BETWEEN AUSTRIA AND SERBIA THAT LED TO WWI WAR WAS NTO INEVITABLE; EUROPENA STATESMEN MANAGED TO LOCALIZE CONFLICTS ; THE DECISIONS THAT EUROPEAN STATESMEN MADE DURING THIS CRISIS WERE CRUCIAL IN LEADING TO WAR, THERE WERE ALSO LONG RANGE UNDERLYING FORCES THAT WERE PROPELLING EUROPEANS TOWARD ARMED CONFLICKED - - WAS DEFINING EVENT OF 20TH CENTURY; AFTER 1918 NO LONGER POSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN NAIVE ILLUSIONS ABOUT PROGRESS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION |
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| FRANZ JOSPEH 'S NEPHEW BECAME EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA HUNGARY - TRIES TO MAKE DIPLOMATIC JESTURE;GOES TO SUPPORT BOSNIA DURING WWI; SURBIAN NATIONALISTIC GROUP "BLACK HAND" PLANS TO KILL HIM - WIFE AND HIM GO PROCESSION AND THEY ARE SHOT & KILLED BY GAVRILLO PRICEPS- FRANZ JOSEPH MAD AT SURBIANS & CALLS WILLIAM II IN GERMANY AND HE GIVES BLANK CHECK TO AUSTRIA AND AUSTRIA DECLAIRS WAR ON SURBIA AND THEN BEGINS WWI |
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| was a Yugoslav nationalist associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna.[1] Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.[2] Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated a number of members of the Serbian Military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum.[3] This set off a chain of events that led to World War I.[4] |
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| 720- SURBIAN TERRORIST ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO THE CREATION OF PAN-SLAVIC KINGDOM - NATIONALISTIC PLANED TO KILL FRANZ FERDINAND AND ASSPASINATED THEM ON JUNE 28, 1914 |
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| BOSNIA 711-12 720 AUSTRIANS ANNEXED THEM - AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND AND WIFE WAS ASSASSINATED BY BOSNIAN ACTIVIST WHO WORKED FOR BLACK HAND - HE TRIED TO SUPPORT BOSNIA - THE SERBS WANTED THE AREA - AUSTRIA TAKES OVER BOSNIA - SERBS FREAK WANT TO BE A GREAT COUNTRY AND THEY ARE ANGRY AT FRANZ JOSEPH - BULKENS WAR - |
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| 722- UNDER GUIDANCE OF GENERAL ALFRED VON SCHLIEFFEN, CHIEF OF STAFF FROM 1891-1905, GERMAN GENERAL STAFF AHD DEVISED A MILITARY PLAN BASED ON ASSUMPTION OF A TWO FRONT WAR WITH FRANCE AND RUSSIA, SINCE THE TWO POWERS HAD FORMED A MILITARY ALLIANCE IN 1894. THIS PLAN CALLED FOR MINIMAL TROOP DEPLOYMENT AGAINST RUSSIA WHILE MOST OF THE GERMAN ARMY WOULD MAKE A RAPID INVASION OF W. FRANCE BY WAY OF NEUTRAL BELGIUM. AFTER PLANNED QUICK DEFEAT OF FRENCH, GERMAN ARMY EXPECTED TO REDEPLOY TO EAST AGAINST RUSSIA, UNDER THIS PLAN GERMANY COULD NOT MOBILIZE ITS TROOPS SOLEY AGAINST RUSSIA AND THEREFORE DECLARED WAR ON FRANCE ON AUG 3 AFTER ISSUING AN ULTIMATUM TO BELGIUM ON AUG 2 DEMANIDNG RIGHT OF GERMAN TROOPS TO PASS THROUGH. |
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| EUROPENA COUNTRIES WANT FOUNDATION IN AFRICA AND ASIA - THE PEOPLE HERE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE - ITALIANS WATN TO TAKE OVER ETHIOPIANS - ETHIOPEANS WIN BATTLE IN 1896 |
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| DEF: AN IDEOLOGY THAT CALLS FOR COLLECTIVE OR GOVERNMENT WONERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS |
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| GREECE BECOMES INDEPENDENT IN 1830 BY THIS TREATY |
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| OVER SUDAN ALMOST INSTIGATES WAR IN EUROPE |
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