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Definition
Also applies to psych students. When you start to learn about conditions, you begin to see them in yourself.
It's easy to over-interprete and view normative thoughts and behaviors as disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Generally stress plays a role in psychological disorders
For some disorders stress is an essential trigger but not so for others |
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Term
| 3 different stress/disorder relationships |
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Definition
1) MALADAPTIVE STRESS REACTION
2) STRESS EXACERBATES AN EXISTING
CONDITION
3)STRESS TRIGGERS THE ONSET OF A DISORDER IN A VULNERABLE PERSON |
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Term
3 different stress/disorder relationships
-Maladaptive Stress Reaction- |
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Definition
The disorder is, by definition, a:
MALADAPTIVE STRESS REACTION
Without the stressor, the condition would never have occurred
e.g. PTSD, Adjustment Disorder |
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Term
3 different stress/disorder relationships
-STRESS EXACERBATES AN EXISTING CONDITION- |
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Definition
Stress is NOT an essential feature but makes things worse
E.G. People with Schitzophrenia experience more severe and more frequent symptoms when their stress levels increase |
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3 different stress/disorder relationships
-STRESS TRIGGERS THE ONSET OF A DISORDER IN A VULNERABLE PERSON- |
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Definition
E.G. Some people get clinical major depression out of the blue but for others stress triggers the depression
Sl & SS genotypes are an example of this- the seratonin gene combinations only increase one's likelihood of depression when they are combined with stressors. Stress Diathesis Model |
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Term
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Definition
| Sl & SS genotypes are an example of this- the seratonin gene combinations only increase one's likelihood of depression when they are combined with stressors. |
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Term
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Definition
An inner experience or feeling
e.g. I was so stressed about taking that exam |
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Term
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Definition
The event or situation that causes people to experience the feeling of stress
The exam is the stressor in the example of "I was so stressed about taking that exam" |
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Term
| Subjective factors affecting whether or not an event is a stressor |
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Definition
1)Whether or not you APPRAISE the event as having negative consequences
2) Whether or not the demands of a situation or event EXCEED a persons' COPING ABILITIES |
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Subjective factors affecting whether or not an event is a stressor
-Appraising the event as having negative consequences- |
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Definition
How much stress a person experiences with a stressor varies greatly based on:
a)MEANING and VALUES affect appraisals
-How you appraise things depends
on what sort of meaning you place
on the event.
b)PERSONALITY- optimists experience stressors with a different outlook than pessimists and as a result appraise the stressor differently.
c)COPING SKILLS
d) Social Support |
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Term
Subjective factors affecting whether or not an event is a stressor
-Do the demands of the situation exceed your coping abilities?- |
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Definition
| e.g. If you get a flat tire on the freeway and don't know how to change it and don't have AAA you will experience that event as a more serious stressor than if you have changed dozens of tires before |
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Term
Good & Adaptive Coping Skills/ Mechanisms
-List- |
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Definition
-Redefining the situation/ Finding new meaning
-Humor
-Ability to anticipate problems |
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Term
Good & Adaptive Coping Skills/ Mechanisms
-Redefining the situation/ Finding new meaning- |
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Definition
- being able to change your perspective and find the positive in a stressor (during or after)
-e.g. women diagnosed with Lupus at the height of their career being able to re frame the experience to appreciate that it gave them more time to spend with their family |
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Term
Good & Adaptive Coping Skills/ Mechanisms
-Humor- |
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Definition
| Being able to find humor in adversity helps coping and reduces anxiety |
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Term
Good & Adaptive Coping Skills/ Mechanisms
-Ability to Anticipate Problems- |
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Definition
| -Being able to think ahead of a situation and anticipate potential problems and consider in advance how you might deal with them provides not only a sense of control but also, if and when those problems arise, helps mitigate the severity of them as a stressor because a plan of action is in place to diffuse them. |
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Term
| Maladaptive Coping Styles |
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Definition
Maladaptive coping techniques can increase levels and susceptibility to depression and anxiety
-Withdrawing from social network
-Substance abuse
-Blaming the self
-Focusing on the negative |
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Term
| Qualities that influence the amount of stress experienced when confronted with a stressor (List) |
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Definition
-Duration of stressor
-Severity
-Predictability
-Control
-Cumulative |
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Term
Qualities that influence the amount of stress experienced when confronted with a stressor
-PREDICTABILITY- |
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Definition
| People are better able to deal with stressors when they anticipate or expect them. It gives them time to use adaptive coping skills that come with being able to anticipate problems |
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Term
Qualities that influence the amount of stress experienced when confronted with a stressor
-DURATION- |
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Definition
The length of time a stressor lasts is a powerful predictor of how much stress is experienced as well as predictive of the outcome.
e.g. Caregivers have much higher rates of anxiety and depression because it is chronic stressor that they don't get a break from
e.g. victims of a single sexual abuse are less likely to have emotional problems than victims of multiple or ongoing sexual assaults |
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Term
Qualities that influence the amount of stress experienced when confronted with a stressor
-SEVERITY OF STRESSOR- |
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Definition
Some stressors are of the "every day" sort while others are more rare but more severe.
The more severe the stressor, the more likely it is to cause problems and stress
e.g. natural disaters, major car accident, being in combat |
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Term
Qualities that influence the amount of stress experienced when confronted with a stressor
-CONTROL- |
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Definition
| A loss or lack of control increases the likelihood that one will experience higher levels of stress while experiencing a stressor |
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Term
Qualities that influence the amount of stress experienced when confronted with a stressor
-Accumulation- |
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Definition
| If stressors appear one after the other and become cumulative, they are much more likely to cause feelings of stress and feel overwhelming |
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Term
| How do you draw the line between what is a typical or a-typical stress response? |
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Definition
| If a person's emotional, cognitive, behavioral or physiological responses persist and are excessive and interfering with their ability to function and cope, the stress response begins to be considered a-typical |
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Term
DSM Stress Related Disorders
(4) |
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Definition
**These disorders WOULD NOT EXIST IF THE PERSON WAS NOT EXPOSED TO A STRESSOR either directly or indirectly**
1) Adjustment Disorder
2) Acute Stress Disorder
3) PTSD
4) Dissociative Disorder (D.I.D- formally multiple personality disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
A DSM Stress Related Disorders
Would NOT EXIST without the exposure to a stressor
Adjustment disorder is a rxn to a RECENT, COMMON STRESSOR NOT A TRAUMA
People with Adjustment disorder are HAVING TROUBLE ADJUSTING TO A RECENT EVENT e.g. divorce, move, job loss
It is defined by:
TIMING OF SYMPTOM ONSET- onset of symptoms within 3 MONTHS of event
-DURATION-
SHORT TERM CONDITION lasting no longer than 6 months
-SYMPTOMS may include depression, anxiety, anger, irritability (no unusual symptoms) |
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Term
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Definition
A DSM Stress Related Disorders
Would NOT EXIST without the exposure to a stressor
Stressor in Acute Stress Disorder is usually more severe/traumatic and rare than those causing Adjustment Disorder.
e.g. car crash, natural disaster, assault (included witnessing a traumatic event as well- the closer the personal connection to the event, the greater the potential impact-
-SYMPTOMS:
-Dissociation
-Can't stop thinking about the event event though thinking about it is stressful and causes you to relive it
-Avoiding all stimuli associated with the event
DURATION- Symptoms last 2 DAYS- 4 WEEKS (any longer and it crosses over into PTSD) |
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Term
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Definition
Dissociation is a dreamlike unreal state in which people can feel detached form their bodies and experience sensations of time alteration (e.g. time slowing down)
There is a continum: all of us have the ability to dissociate (deep daydreaming) often increased with stress and sleep deprivation |
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Term
| Dissociative Disorders (4) |
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Definition
The common shared symptom is AMNESIA
1) Dissociative Amnesia
2) Dissociative Fugue
3) Dissociative Identity Disorder
4) Depersonalization Disorder
There has been a resurgance of interest in these types of disorders since it was included in the DSM. Frequently linked to cases of sexual abuse. In the 1950's the incest rate in the US was 1:1million. Today the rate of sexual abuse experienced during childhood is between 9-20%
Vietnam war raised awareness about trauma. Book "3 faces of Eve" educated the public about D.I.D. |
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Term
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Definition
A disorder in which people can't recall events or time periods of their life. Common during a traumatic event such as attempting suicide or being in war.
-GAP IN RECALL- people are usually aware that the gap exists.
-can be spotty or complete
-MISSING CATEGORY OF INFORMATION - could forget a family member or family information- (full life amnesia is extremely rare)
-MEMORY LOSS CAN BE SPORADIC OR CHRONIC- sometimes remembering, sometimes forgetting.
-Condition has a spectrum- mild:severe
Claims of dissociative amnesia are sometimes used in legal cases to excuse behavior and try for leniency (e.g. professor shooting coworkers after being denied tenure) and sometimes it's true.
Head injuries can make people more vulnerable to dissociative amnesia |
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Term
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Definition
VERY RARE*
In Dissociative Fugue a person loses a sense of who they are completely (name, history, etc.) and adopt a different one.
-Not much is known about the cause but is is USUALLY TRIGGERED BY STRESS
Claimed by Amy bishop? (notes unclear whether she was claiming dissociate fugue or dissociative amnesia)
-DURATION VARIES- brief to long |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D) |
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Definition
Added to the DSM in 1980 and caused a huge upsurge in diagnoses but only in North America- led to controversy that perhaps patients are being led into it.
Formally known as Multiple Personality Disorder
-Amnesia
-People experience a different personality or an aspect of their personality while the other elements go quiet-
-people adopt different ALTERS
e.g. someone with a split introvert and extrovert style of personality would have an "Alter" that was all one or the other.
Within the Alters there can be:
-A helper personality
-A persecutor personality
Usually, DID is considered to be a chronic condition |
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Term
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Definition
An element of Dissociative Identity Disorder
ALTERS or aspects of personality which vary in age, gender, interests etc. All parts of the person are there, just not expressed as a unified whole. |
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Term
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Definition
An element of Dissociative Identity Disorder
An alter that is helpful to the host (the "normal" person)
The helper does things that would be super stressful for the host, e.g. have an argument, be present while abuse is taking place, |
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Term
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Definition
An element of Dissociative Identity Disorder
The persecutor personality alter tries to harm the host.
Possible causes for this personality being the tenancy for victims to feel an element of self blame. The persecutor personality is the tendency towards self blame with all other counteracting aspects shut off
Persecutor personality often emerges in chil |
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