Term
| Why the gap between the discover of lithium and FDA approval? |
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Definition
1949- Cade's study published
1952- Morgens Shou conducts 1st double blind study in psychiatry using lithium vs placebo
1970- FDA approves Lithium for BPD tx
Cause for delay:
-Pharm. co not motivation to study it since it is not patentable (naturally occurring substance)
-Psychoanalysis in its heyday- believed that severe mental illness could be treated by uncovering internal conflicts (NOT what Freud intended)- took a psychiatrist in OR prescribing it illegally to change the tide |
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Term
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Definition
| also used to treat some bipolar disorders- has fewer side effects than lihium |
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Term
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Definition
Personality: enduring patterns/characteristics of thinking, feeling, behavior and perception that help define a person and distinguished that person from other people. It includes coping styles and ways of interacting with others.
Personality begins in childhood, develops in adolescence and crystallizes in young adulthood.
Most people have some flexibility in their personalities, e.g. a shy person can probably do a class presentation |
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Term
Personality Disorders
Diagnosis |
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Definition
Because personality doesn't crystalize until young adulthood, you don't classify a kid or adolescent as having a personality disorder though the roots of PDs often begin in childhood and teen years.
e.g. antisocial PD requires antisocial behaviors to have been present from age 15 onward for a diagnosis |
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Term
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Definition
Personality disorders involve personalities that are:
-MALADAPTIVE
-INFLEXIBLE
PDs exist on a spectrum from mild to severe (eccentric to can't get along with anyone)
Hard to know how prevalent PDs are as some types avoid interaction with others so don't seek help
10-13% of the population have some form of a personality disorder, or were classifiable at some point |
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Term
| Shared Characteristics of Different Personality Disorders |
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Definition
-Personality styles that cause difficulty in forming, maintaining or developing respectful and satisfying social relationships
-Personality patterns that color their reactions to different or new situations- leads to repetition of maladaptive coping styles (rigidity)
-Underlying LOW SELF ESTEEM espressed in different ways
-Don't see personal contribution to difficulties- shared pattern of externalizing their problems and blaming others (tx. is geared towards helping them gain insight) |
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Term
Characteristics of Personalitiy Disorders
e.g. Paranoid PD |
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Definition
e.g. Patient with paranoid PD is suspicious and distrustful of other people. Constantly expects people to ridicule or put them down, eploit or harm them. Become very vigilant of environment and look for potential threats
-hypersensitive, takes benign remarks as slights
-holds a lot of grudges, has difficulty forgiving
-paranoia can be so strong they appear to be out of touch with reality (but not paranoid schizophrenic because there is a kernel of truth - just a very distorted view)
-Colors reactions to new situations, looks at everything through a lense of suspicion, sees the worst in every situation (e.g. client receives criticism poorly and it turns into a verbal disagreement, ending with client calling the police on coworker)- no flexibility or nuance- clients feels unsafe/uncomfortable she calls the cops- when she loosed job it's not her fault and reinforces her core belief that the world is out to get her
client has history of severe abuse, sent away and isolated during childhood, came to a new country and experienced a lot of discrimination and rejection. Internalized the rejection so completely that she now sees it everywhere and perpetuates/reinforces it through her interactions
Paranoid aspects often have both ENVIRONMENTAL and GENETIC factors
Treatment of Pananoid PD is EMPATHY- need to empathize with feelings while gently trying to help them see other perspectives- walking on eggshells, must be careful to stay on their side. |
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Term
| CLUSTER A Personality Disorders (list) |
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Definition
Cluster A:
-Schizoid
-Schizotypal
-Paranoid |
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Term
CLUSTER A Personality Disorder
-SCHIZOID- |
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Definition
Schizoid personality disorder:
Prefers to be alone.
People perceive them as cold and aloof and introverted.
By self report they don't experience strong emotions and are indifferent to criticisms by others
-Do well in solitary jobs
Most schizoid and schizotypal people do not seek treatment which, if they do, should focus on empathy and practical skill building |
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Term
CLUSTER A Personality Disorder
-Schizotypal- |
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Definition
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
-A diluted form of schizophrenia- schizotypal is NOT out of touch with reality
Have odd cognitive and speech styles (speech and perception affected).
-solitary personalities
-tangential speech (not as incoherent as Schizophrenia but still confusing)
-Superstitious perceptions- may believe that random events/occurrences have special meaning to them, may believe in telepathy
-Magical thinking- Highly ritualized behaviors
Metaphorical speech
Avoid eye contact
-Unusual clothing
-Anxiety revolves around suspicion of people's motivations
-not out of touch with reality- misperception of how things work
-10% commit suicide
-when they seek tx it's usually for anxiety and depression not their personality
-Tx should be non judgmental
-Care should be given not to confuse cultural underpinnings for disorder |
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Term
| Cluster A Personality Disorders relationship to schizophrenia |
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Definition
Paranoid, Schizoid and Schizotypal all share a genetic link to schizophrenia
They also share cognitive commonalities to schizophrenia - impairments in trailing moving objects on computer screens, perceptual impairments |
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Term
Cluster B Personality Disorders
(List) |
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Definition
-Histrionic
-Nascissistic
-Boarderline
-Antisocial |
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Term
Cluster B Personality Disorders
Histrionic |
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Definition
Histrionic PD
- person feels the need to be the center of attention and feels unappreciated when they're not.
-Tend to be lively, extroverted, flashy/provocative dresssers
-often seen as sexually inappropriate
-appearing highly sexual but actually not
-WANT TO BE CARED FOR AND TAKEN CARE OF
-Outsiders see then as vain, self centered and insincere
-affected speech- tend to speak vaguely (my mother was a butterfly)
Cause: LOW SELF ESTEEM expressed as reaching out for connections and caretakers. They don't feel like they can take care of themselves
-Frequently match up with caregiver style personalities
-Other people get tired of it- they are very needy and demanding
-when they're not the center of attention, they often get angry and adopt other ways to get attention (SICK ROLES)
-Aging and having children are hard on them
-Manipulative and difficult to get along with/interact with |
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Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder Cluster B |
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Definition
| On the rise in modern day western society -like to be the center of attention -LOW SELF ESTEEM -Braggers- build themselves up to compensate for the lack of self worth -Behave in ways that are preoccupied with themselves -Overestimate their own self worth, abilities and importance and under rate that of others -Self absorbed -Talk about themselves constantly -view other people as beneath them -Feel entitles- hate waiting in lines -Arrogant, snobbish presentation -Lack empathy -Envious of others -Believe other are envious of them -Very fragile 1) grandiose sense of self importance 2) preoccupied with ? 3) believes they are special and unique 4) requires excessive adoration 5) sense of entitlement 6) interpersonally exploitative 7) lacks empathy 8) envious of others, believes others envy them 9) arrogant, haughty behaviors 10) less anxiety than borderline personality 11) interpret neutral comments as putdowns 12) crisis with aging |
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Term
Cluster B
Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
Boarderline Personality Disorder
Problem with self identity- not able to get a coherent sense of self- sense of self is constantly shifting
-values and interests shift and are influenced by the people you are around
-often feel bored and empty
-relationships tend to be stormy and extreme e.g. new best friends flips to worst enemy, all or nothing with self too
-opinion of self flips too
-CORE FEAR OF ABANDONMENT- distress at lack of support or perception of it
-FLUCTUATING moods and perceptions
-HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS- gambling, substance abuse, self harm
-Inner experience of personality disorder is proportionate to outer experience- inner turmoil creates outer turmoil |
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