Term
| Causes of increased depression rates |
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Definition
- more time leads to increased self focus, rumination
-increase in drug and alcohol use since the 1960s- sometimes preceeds (men), or proceeds (women get depressed then drink)
-fewer employment opportunities
-pollution
-sedentary lifestyle (researchers now testing exercise interventions for depression- equally effective as anti depressants) Since 1980s exercise levels have decreased 75-85% |
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Term
| Risk factors for unipolar depression (list) |
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Definition
-low social support
-negative life events
-stressors
-being female
-family history/genetics
-chronic medical conditions |
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Term
Risk factors for unipolar depression
-family history/genetics- |
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Definition
-1st degree relative increases risk 1.5-3x higher BUT
- not nearly as significant a risk
factor as the others- it required genetics plus environment (e.g. depressed parents parent differently) |
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Term
Risk factors for unipolar depression
-low social support- |
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Definition
or problematic support.
Unhappy marriages with high conflict are 20xs more likely to be depressed |
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Term
Risk factors for unipolar depression
-negative life events- |
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Definition
-Loss- Devaluing- Trapping- Quantity of Events
type of negative life event and quantity also matter
LOSS is especially effecting of depression risk (not to be confused with grieving) irrationally quiet or suicidal during grieving is a red flag.
- LOSS of a thing - job, marriage, retirement-
-events that make you feel DEVALUED- partner has an affair, demotion at work.
-events that make you feel TRAPPED. e.g. single mom rejected form subsidized housing
-NUMBER OF EVENTS
rates of depression among women are mirrored by # of negative life events "TITRATION"
The more negative life events experienced in a community, the higher rates of depression there will be. |
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Term
Risk factors for unipolar depression
-Stressors- |
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Definition
stress increases the likelihood of depression.
Stress is more impactful in predicting depression in the first 1-2 episodes of depression, later episodes are less affected by stressful life events.
Chronic stressors increase risk |
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Term
Risk factors for unipolar depression
-sex/gender |
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Definition
| Being female doubles your risk of unipolar depression |
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Term
Risk factors for unipolar depression
-chronic medical conditions |
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Definition
| 25-40% of people with chronic medical conditions qualify as severely depressed. |
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Term
| unipolar depression treatment |
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Definition
treat prophetically- even when not currently depressed
continued rx or other treatment forms between episodes helps decrease the likelihood of future episodes |
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Term
Diagnosis of Unipolar Depression
-Dysthymia |
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Definition
Dysthymia symptoms
-milder form of depression- a continuous, low grade, chronic condition
Diagnosis: low mood must persist for 2+ years with no break for longer than 2 months
-must be depressed on most days and most of the day, more days than not for 2+ years |
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Term
Symptoms of Unipolar Depression
-Dysthymia |
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Definition
Dysthymia symptoms
-milder form of depression- a continuous, low grade, chronic condition
2+ of the following symptoms:
-difficulty eating (too much or too little(
-changes in sleep (too much or too little)
-feeling tired or fatigued
-trouble concentrating
-trouble making decisions
-low self esteem or feeling helpless
50% of dysthymic people will have a major depressive episode. (double depression) |
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Term
Symptoms of Unipolar Depression
-major depression- |
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Definition
similar to dysthmia but more intense. Can be hard for outsiders to understand.
-significant weight change (unintentiona)
-Sleep disturbances (hypersomnia, insomnia)
-person is slowed down- speech, movements, noticeable change
-person becomes agitatied- psychomotor agitation fidgety, restless
-Feelings of fatigue
-Feelings of worthlessness and guilt
-Trouble thinking and concentrating (w.s. styron forgot where he put his award check)
-Indecisiveness
-Thoughts of suicide
Major depressive disorder has a range- symptoms can come on and go away suddenly or gradually. If you don't treat it, it may still go away on its own (most will go away on heir own within 6 months)- With treatment, it can go away more quickly.
15% of cases have hallucinations and delusion |
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Term
| delusions (in major depressive episode) |
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Definition
beliefs not based in reality (e.g. person has sinned and is being punished)
e.g. man beleived the man across from him on muni was his ear (delusion) and that he had snakes in his intestines (delusion) that he could feel slithering (hallucination)
does respond to RX
When sx begin to wane with medications hallucinations and delusions disappear (this distinguishes it from schizophrenia) |
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Term
| hallucinations (in major depressive episode) |
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Definition
sensory perceptions not based in reality. Can be physical manifestations of delusions.
does respond to RX
When sx begin to wane with medications hallucinations and delusions disappear (this distinguishes it from schizophrenia) |
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Term
| Catatonia (in major depressive episode) |
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Definition
Motor symptom which can occur during a major depressive episode.
Very rigid body but bendable and pose able. Or the person does repetitive movements
Catatonia does respond to RX
When sx begin to wane with medications hallucinations and delusions disappear (this distinguishes it from schizophrenia) |
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Term
| Major Depression (Unipolar) |
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Definition
50% of people with a major depressive episode will have another within a few years
8-12% of the general population has depression (double for women)
50% of people with major depression will seek help |
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Term
Major Depression- Unipolar
Why people don't get help |
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Definition
-financial- lack of money or insurance coverage
-stigma and shame
-identity, personality- may not realize they are depressed, especially with dysthymia
-hopeless- feel as though they are beyond help
-Pride- should be able to handle it on their own- delays getting help |
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Term
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Definition
The more major depressive episodes a person has, the more likely they are to have another episode.
Makes it incredibly important to prevent depressive episodes in order to prevent future ones.
Brain changes may increase vulnerability to future episodes or may be caused by off putting life changes |
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Term
| co morbidity of depression |
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Definition
it's important to treat depression prophylacticly, not only to prevent the kindling effect, but also to prevent other medical conditions
6-7 x more likely to have heart disease
2x more likely to have a second cardiac event if depressed
exercise and diet probably play a role. the immune system becomes more inflammatory with depression which increases the risk of HD |
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Term
| Major depression -Video clip |
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Definition
the brain is plastic in childhood- trauma can keep it from forming healthy connections. Abuse can make the brain sensitive and produce too much cortisol. A depressed brain triggers an overly strong and overly long cortisol response. Being overly sensitive makes the brain more vulnerable to subsequent depressions.
People kill themselves to spare themselves from unending paing- death is their cure.
Prozac helped the woman in the video.
Depressed brains often don't secrete enough serotonin. Antidepressants can increase serotonin in the pre frontal cortex. this triggers a rxn which brings the brain back into balance.
woman in the video saw and experienced colors and tastes differently on prozac but built up a tolerance.
Drugs plus talk therapy combination is the most effective treatment. Changes the brain synaptic connections and teaches the brain to see things through a new perspective. |
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Term
| Why Ruminators are poor problem solvers |
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Definition
The phenomenology of dysphoric rumination and its consequences for problem solving were explored
in 3 studies.
In Study 1, self-focused rumination, compared with distraction, led dysphoric participants
to rate their own biggest problems as severe and unsolvable and to report a reduced likelihood of actually
implementing their solutions.
Clues into the mechanisms behind these findings were explored in Study 2.
The results showed that dysphoric ruminative thought is characterized by a focus on personal problems
combined with a negative tone, self-criticism, and self-blame for problems as well as reduced selfconfidence, optimism, and perceived control.
Finally, Study 3 revealed a direct relationship between the
negatively biased content of ruminative thoughts and reduced willingness to solve one's problems. |
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