Term
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Definition
the first guy to professionalizing police, first paid with a pay check no bounty, gave military uniform (hats and boots), had sergeants and lieutenants.
*England police called bobbies from Robert |
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Term
| What policing did they have in the 1700s in Early U.S. Policing? |
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Definition
They had constables(englands version) as colonies grew, they referred to him as a nightwatch and peace keeper during the day. These people were usually a guy with a lot of common sense.
* Constables are englands version of an old untrained law person. |
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Term
| What was the down falls of the "Posse-Comitatus Act"? |
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Definition
| The Posses' hearts really werent in to it so the criminals would travel out of counties or father to get away from the posses', because posses' would only go a distance of so far. |
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Term
| What were "Texas Rangers"? |
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Definition
They were rangers that protected settlers that were moving into the colonies and protected them from ingian attacks, mexican attacks and robbery.
*In the 1800s |
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Term
| What are Feberal Marshals and what were they needed for? |
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Definition
Robbers caught on that posses' would only go for so long, so then they would start moving over state lines, which created the need for federal marshals who traveled over state line, and were appointed by federal judges (this is still the case today, except they have other jojbs too such as transport prisoners over state lines, and protect eye witnesses)
*start of national security |
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Term
| What form of Policing did cities adopt in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| Robert Peals ideas of using a military high archy, like a chief is now called captain. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was cheif of police, makes reforms such as gets the first university trained police for smarter guys, starts using communication systems in the cities while there police are in the fields,and has booths set up around the city(before radios were available), first to use cars, bikes, police, wagons, anything besides walking and horse. He also used and organized his men in a military style like saluting and uniform(less strict now). |
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Term
| What happens the most between the 1860s-1920s? |
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Definition
First Federal law enforcement agencies are created in this period of time, and each thing created if for a particular crime.
* ex. DEA, IRS, FBI, TS. |
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Term
| What did all states creat by the 1900s? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where was the first metropolitan police enforcement? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
State police;
county sheriff -maintains jail, bailiff of the court, rural county enforcer and only one elected, always focused on rural enforcer not as much as the other two jobs
Constable
Federal police
township police
private policing- detectives, and security firms, lost prevention officers, private prisons; county police |
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Term
| What are the main fuction of police? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Police Organization? |
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Definition
| is like a military-like system, a chain of command; tons of regulations, like uniform reporting where you are at all times…etc. |
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Term
| Rank Chain of Command from highest to lowest. |
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Definition
Chief
Major or Captain
Lutent(2)
Sargent (6)
Multiple line offices/partol man |
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Term
| What are typical police duties of a Patrol Man? |
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Definition
1.protecting the public, resolving conflicts, keeping ordered
2.Enforcing laws, preserving peoples’ rights
3.Traffic Control, accident problems, speed light violations.
4.Basic investigation, clear/preserve the crime scene(putting up yellow type),gather evidence(gun laying in street),initialize interrogations(asking witnesses and hold them longer for further investigations),collects any pulmonary evidence
5.Qwazi judicial function, can arrest, have significant weight of determining whether or not an arrest needs to be made(someones freedom)significant discretion. *shooting a gun is a high level decision making at this level |
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Term
| How do patrol men accomplish there duties? |
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Definition
Walking: “the beat”
Horse- cover more ground, transport prisoners in horse and wagon
Increased efficiency from foot to vehicles: motorcycle, car, bicycle (talk to kids more around parks and schools)
Then vehicle modernize (1920s, al capone and prohibition era) |
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Term
| What was the Kansas City Experiment? |
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Definition
| It was an experiment to try to determine how effective patrolling was. Patrolling is supposed to deter crime by being known to both criminals and good citizens that they are there ready and on alert to catch crime and keep the peace. They kept police in the station in the station at all times and saw if crime rates went up or down. The experiment concluded that it didn’t do anything to the crime rate. Patrolling really doesnt work, but we still do it to make citizens/business men feel safer, and they pay for it too, which is themain reason. |
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Term
| Describe the duties and roles a detective has. |
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Definition
| They take up where police stop in investigations,they collect psychical & witness evidence,try to identify criminals,they respond to calls that people might have made saying they have information to an investigation. There is alot of talking to people and paper work involved. Patients and organizations are needed. Don’t wear uniforms, they wear suits. |
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Term
| What are problems involved in eye-witnesses? |
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Definition
Witnesses dont always remember everything
They arent paying attention to what is going on around them
Theyre information can be wrong (by accident) |
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Term
| What does S.W.A.T stand for and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Special Weapons and Tactics- Now called various things, like special situation (hostage), expert rifle or snipers, special communications/convincing, a lot of specialized training, special operation. |
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Term
| What does an Undercover Cop do? |
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Definition
| Can be detectives, dress like whoever /whatever you are after (aka after a drug dealer you dress like a drug dealer), long-term undercover - you take a job in the field you are investigation, daily undercover- dress the part (dress like a high school student to get the school drug dealer) |
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Term
| What are policing jobs that are specialized to crime? |
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Definition
| they are any crime cops in victimless crimes, prostitution, gambling, and drug enforcement. |
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Term
| What type of policing style or personality does a Crime fighter have? |
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Definition
| Social agencies deal with social matters force and violence ignores petty crimes; “Super-Cop” focuses on serious crime. Only worried about the big issues so medium discretion. |
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Term
| What type of Policing Style or personality does a law enforcer have? |
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Definition
| unique police function professional orientation plays it by the book enforces all laws. Least discretion |
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Term
| What kind of Policing Style or personality does a Watchman have? |
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Definition
| maintains public order, does as little as possible. Avoids trouble, knows how long until retirement. A lot of discretion. |
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Term
| What kind of police style or personality does a social agent have? |
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Definition
| Social Service focus, problem solver, troubleshooter, little police time is spent on law enforcement, comforts the victim. Most discretion |
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Term
| Example of Police Styles(personalities). |
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Definition
| Ex. neighbor disputes: crime fighter- doesn’t do anything, law enforcer- arrests, social agent- trys to talk it out, watchman- says dammit you too stop fighting or I have to do paper work blah blah blah |
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Term
| Who has first possibilty of discretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are things that might influence police discretion? |
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Definition
Prior record
seriousness of the offense
attitude
appearance
if they feel danger
limited resources (people on staff)
vagueness of laws
*They dont enforce everything they develop their own style. |
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Term
| What does the 4th amendment say? |
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Definition
| The right to search and seizure, no warrant shall be issued without probable cause. The police must also be very specific into where they are going to search, they also have to have support for where they got probable cause. |
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Term
| What is a Search Warrant? |
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Definition
A written order by a judge directing law enforcement officer to search a specified premise.
*Ex. So if you look for stolen t.v's, you don’t look in drawers. |
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Term
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Definition
Facts or a pair of facts that are reliable and generate a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed
*Ex. eye witness seeing something of someone stealing or something, |
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Term
| What are exceptions to getting a search warrant or a warrantless search and explain each. |
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Definition
-Hot pursuit of someone. (chasing a robber down the street and they run into a house)
-Any search on a person after an arrest (because there is already probable cause for an arrest), need a warrant to search and of their stuff or house.
-Stop& Frisk- if an officer observes unusual conduct and suspects a crime is about to happen they may search the outter clothing of ppl.
-Plain view & Plain feel – if in plain view or feel, an arrest may be made. |
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Term
| What is they Exclusionary Rule? |
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Definition
any evidence gained after violating the 4th amendment rights is prohibited.
*Also said there has to be a good faith exception to the rule (go to 14th 14th chestnut st and when to 41 41 cheastnut st instead and found something ).
**sometimes called “the fruit of the poisonous tree” |
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Term
| What controls are there on Interrogation? |
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Definition
-Any physical brutality makes the confession no good (smacking ppl like good cop bad cop routine)
-any unreasonable delay in arraignment makes confession inadmissible (detaining ppl hours and hours at a time saying if they tell them what they want they can leave); violates 14th amendment.
-If someone asks for there attorney, interrogation must stop; except you don’t have a right to an attorney when they ask questions about your friend only when a suspect.
-Miranda rights, when you confess to something before your miranda rights are read to you get the confession thrown out. |
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Term
| When is your miranda right usualy read to you? |
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Definition
| Miranda right are read to you when the beginning of questions usually, and there also usually said as soon as your arrested so you don’t confess saying it wasn’t my fault she is such a bitch and then getting the confession thrown out. |
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Term
| What types of Police corruption are there and explain each? |
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Definition
-Meals & Services: Free services or meals like dough-nuts or coffees or free car wash, most mild form of corruption but also most common, but corrupt because they want police to patrol more around there business at late night services and etc.
-Kick Backs- getting money for doing someone a favor - ex. removing a body to the nicest funeral home (endorsing them) corruption for other businesses.
-Opportunistic death- cops that are stealing form any kind of search or from a scene of a crime, or stealing from the evidence room. Ex. stealing a ring off from a dead body or something
-Planned Theft- worst kind, illegal searches using there badge to rob someone or |
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Term
| Why do people become corrupt? |
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Definition
-Society encourages it, and expects it and this is a way of life.
-its passed down through the older cops down to the younger cops, structural corruption
-Rotten Apple, you’re just a bad cop, and bad at heart and ethics and morals. |
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Term
| Who and what do Internal Affairs do? |
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Definition
| They are police that investigate and patrol other police to make sure there isnt corruption in police forces. They are made up from retired police. |
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Term
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Definition
A surpreme court case that established the stop and frisk , if an officer observes unusual conduct and suspects a crime is about to happen they may search the outter clothing of ppl.; they were trying to prevent harassment in this ruling, in the 60s this was important for minorities and so on. A Control on police, and exception on patting you down.
* Ex. when you are pacing and seeming nervous outside a bank with a car on, or entering a store with a big heavy coat with the ability to steal. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ruling that evidence obtained in violation of the fourth amendment must be exluded from use in the state as well as federal trails. |
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Term
| What is Esobedo vs. Illinois? |
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Definition
| The ruling that when the process shifts from the investigatory to the accusatory and its purpose to elicit a confession, the accused must be permitted to consult with his or her attorney. |
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Term
| What happened to Ernesto Miranda that invented the miranda rights? |
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Definition
| Ernesto Miranda wasn’t told he has the right to remain silent until he saw is lawyer, until after he confessed. |
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Term
| What 5 conditions to a stop-and-frisk did chief justice warren state? |
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Definition
1) where a police officer obeserves unusual conduct that leads him reasonably to conclude, in light of his experience, that criminal activity may be afoot.
2) Where the person with whom he is dealing may be armed and dangerous
3) Where in the course of investigating this behavior he identifies himself as a police officer.
4) where he makes reasonable inquiry
5) Where nothing in the intital stages of the encounter serves to dispel his reasonable fear for his own or others safety |
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Term
| What issues are involved in a consent search? |
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Definition
1)Who can give consent to search what
2)What consistutes a free and voluntary consent
3)Whether there is a principle of limited consent
* when obtaining evidence through a consent search the burden of proving consent becomes the responsibility of the prosecution. |
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Term
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Definition
A system instituted by england's alfred the great, that organized the country into several levels of defenses against an impending danish invasion.
*The levels included: Tithings, constables, shire-revees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Private detectives who were paid like bounty hunters are. |
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Term
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Definition
A federal law enforcement bureaucracy founded in 1923, and is the largest crime-fighting organization in the world.
*(International Criminal Police organization) headquarters in france, and serves its 178 member contries as a clearinghouse and depository of information about wanted criminals. |
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Term
| What a the 5 specific functions of polive patrols? |
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Definition
1) to protect public safety
2) to enforce the law
3) to control traffic
4) to conduct ciminal investigations
5) to interpret the law |
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Term
| What is community policing? |
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Definition
| a collaborative effort between the police and the community to identify the problems of crime and disorder and develop solutions within the community. |
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Term
| What does full enforvemnet of the law mean? |
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Definition
| It would require an investigation of every disturbing event and every complaint and vigorous enforcement of each and every statute of the books, instead police use discetion to decide. |
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Term
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Definition
| the notaion that all police are motivated by evil and selfish ways, developes through contact with the police. |
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Term
| What police powers are there? |
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Definition
Investigative powers:
-to stop
-to frisk
-to orger someone out of a car
-to question
-to detain
Arrest powers:
-to use force
-to search
-to exercise seizure and restraint |
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Term
| What is the Carrol Doctrine? |
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Definition
| The ruling that warrantless searches of vehicles are permissible where reasonable suspicion of illegal actions exsist. |
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Term
| What is the Protectice sweep doctrine? |
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Definition
The rule that when police officers execute an arrest on or outside private premises, they may conduct a warrantless examination of the entire premises for other persons whose presence would pose a threat, ethier to their safety or to evidence capable of being removed or destoryed.
*any evidence that is in plain view during the search or sweep may lawfully be seized. |
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Term
| What are the miranda warnings? |
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Definition
1)You have a right to remain silent
2)Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law
3)You have a right to consult a lawyer and to have the lawyer present during any questioning
4)If you cannot afford a lawyer one will be obtrained for you if you so desire |
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Term
| Continued... warrantless searches. |
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Definition
-Auto searches, Warrantless exceptions, reasonable suspicion- lower level of evidence, easier to get than probable cause, anywhere in arms reach is where they can search; for a full search a warrant is needed.
-Consent search, if someone says you can come in there house, however only use plain view
-A private search can happen, when a private citizen searches a house and hands over evidence to police.
-A border search, only to our country, airports are included because you have the possibility of leaving the border. |
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Term
| continued... types of police corruption. |
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Definition
-Shake downs – police accepting money to look the other way often happens with victimless crimes like drugs or prostitution.
-Protection- protecting illegal operation or an kind of organized crime, pimps gives you monthly money so his girls don’t get arrested
-Case fixing- most common, being paid to lie on the stand or reduce charges, or not to pursue a lead.
-Private security- while on duty you’re helping someone else out, “double dipping”, ex. jewelry store asking police to take money to the bank for them while on duty’s and paying them to do so.
-Patronage- control promotions, job schedules, vacation days fixed and take a cut aka this is for ppl who aren’t on the street police in the station aka Lt. Srgt.
-Police brutality- abusing your power with violence or force, power has gone to your head; not money related. |
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