PUBLIC SPHERES: AN AREA IN SOCIAL LIFE WHERE INDIVIDUALS CAN COME TOGETHER TO FREELY DISCUSS AND IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. THROUGH DISCUSSIONS, THERE IS AN INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL ACTIONS. MOSTLY MAN DOMAINS.

1. WHO PROTECTS A WOMEN IN THE PRIVATE? HUSBAND

2. WHO PROTECTS A WOMAN IN THE PUBLIC? HERSELF

CRIMINOLOGY: IS CONCERNED WITH DEVELOPING THEORIES ON WHAT CAUSES CRIME.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE: FOCUSES ON WORKERS IN THE CIRMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND THE WAYS DECISIONS ARE MADE ABOUT VICTIM AND OFFENDERS. MOSTLY USED TO DESCRIBE THE PRACTICES OF WORKERS IN THE SYSTEM. FORMAL PROCESSING AND TREATMENT OF CRIME VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS.

CRIMINOLOGY THEORIES: HISTORICALLY TEND TO VIEW WOMEN AS DRIVEN

CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS: TREATMENT AND PUNISHMENT ISSUES/OPPS. DIFFERED VASTLY FOR WOMEN BASED ON RACE. - THE EXCUSE FOR THE LACK OF RESEARCH ON THE INSTITUIONS HOUSING THE WOMEN OFFENDERS, AS WELL AS, THE LACK OF TRAINING, VOCATIONAL, EDUCATION AND COUNSELING PROGRAMS AVAILABLE TO INCARCERATED WOMEN IS THAT WOMEN MAKE UP A SMALL % OF OFFENDERS

Differences b/w man/women:

1. sex differences: are bio differences in reproductive organs, body size, muscle development, and hormones

2. gender differences: are those that are ascribed by society and that relate to expected social roles.

-most differences between man and women are gender differences, which are determined by society they are bio determined.

feminism: the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.

-an organized movement for the attainment of such rights for women

5 major strains of feminist theory

1. liberal: focuses on women's ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices

2. marxist: investigating and explaining the ways in which women are oppressed through systems of capitalism and private property

3. socialist: focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a womans life and argues that liberation can only be acheived by working to the end both the economic and cultural sources of women

strains (4,5)

4.radical: perspective within feminism that call for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminatedd in all social and economic contexts.

5. postmodernist: the modern branch of feminism that strives for equality for all genders

* not all feminists think alike but there is a common thread among feminist: -men and women should be treated equally but frequently are not.

* the focus on method in criminology has been EMPERICAL CRIMINOLOGY- (research that is based on experimentation or observation) ex:evidence

gender essentialism: the idea that men and women act differently and have different options in life because of intrinsic or essential differences between the genders.

the crimes for which females are mostly represented is sex work followed by running away, larceny, theft, fraud, forgery, and embezzlement

A. measuring crime and making gender comparisons

-typically the rate is a # of offenses per 100k people in the population

-giving groups self reports, conducting interviews with sample participants

-the most popular data sets used to assess crime rates in the US are the UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS (UCR)

- measures arrests, but does not include crimes unknown and unreported to the police (DARKK FIGURE OF CRIME)

A. research documents where mandatory arrest policies implemented since the 1980s were deemed to deter male batterers, a major 

'side effect" has been a huge increase in women's arrests for domestic violence

- the main source for measuring US crime rates is the UCR

*** mainly girls and boys who run away from home are running away from sexual abuse and incest.

*** many runaways experience sexual victimization and or coerced into sex wokr after leaving home

GANGS

-being in a gang is not a crime: but gang membership is usually associated with delinquent and criminal activities

-GIRLS>> more likely to fight when it is personal, often sexual, reputation has been challenged

-BOYS>> more liekly to fight when their reputation of the gang has been challenged, which is never sexual.

WHY DO GIRLS JOIN GANGS?

1. provide friendship and acceptance, a place of belonging, a family

2. provide an escape from isolation and harsh environments

3. provide protection, safety, esp from undesirable men

4. provide status

B. THEFT

-studies generally find it is more gender neutral or a male gendered crime

C.ROBBERY/BURGLARY

- viccing is where sex workers rob their clients

D. WHITE COLLAR CRIME

- the "liberation" implies that as women become more equal to men, their offending rates will converge w mens

E. DRUG USE/SELLING

- the "war on drugs" became a war on women adn has contributed to the explosion in the women's prison population

F. WOMEN WHO KILL THEIR CHILDREN

-women are more likely to kill very young kids

-men are more like to kill 8+

-smithy identified 3 types of transaction events that initiated the fatal injury 

and frustrated the mother because she was unable to confort/control infant

1.crying 2.prolonged or frequent illness 3. incessant difficulty with training

G. HOMICIDE:

- men commit the vast majority of homicides

- when women kill their victims are typically their male's partners

LOLA BALDWIN: appointed in 1908 as a sworn officer detective to perform police service for the city of Portland. she is credited as being the 1st female law enforcer.

responsibilities of women PO'S: protect and administer to incarcerated women and juveniiles

***1968>> the first year women were assigned to patrol duties

glass celings: the unseen, yet unbreakable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rings of the corp. ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements.

sexual harrassment: unwanted sexual advances, offensive sexually-related behavior (ex: dirty jokes), or discrimination in assignments or promotion often experienced by female police officers on the job

cohort effects: conflicts that exist between officers when officers hired in one decade have diff. ideas and lifestyles than officers hired in a later decade.

criminal laws and sex discrimination: historically prisons were designed to rehabiitate and the goal for the mens prison was punishment.

WOMEN WHO KILL:

-women and men are both equally likely to kill their children and step childre,

- women/girls are primarily resp. for newborns (must be considered)

- men are generally in a less position to be frustrated by a newborn.

three hypothesis of sex discr.:

1. EQUAL TREATMENT>>

a. there is no discrimination

b. males and females are equal

2.CHIVALRY>>

a. there is disc. vs. male offenders

b.females are treated more leniently

3. evil women>>

a. that sex disc. vs females exists in crime processing

b. females treated more harshly than males for similar offense

PRISON REFORMS:

- often blamed for sexual disturbances (their rapes)

-REFORM: the most active reform in womens prisons began in the 19th century and mainly w wealthy white women

-strived to "purify" and control the "fallen women"

-1st penal reformer to focus exectuvily on women was ELIZABETH FRY

CUSTODIAL INSTITUTIONS:

were the traditional prisons that were usually designed for men but also housed women, where the goal was not rehabilitation but to confine inmates at the lowest costs possible until sentence expired

REFORMTORIES: were designed to specifically house women offenders

THE PROGRESIVE ERA: 

- brought a new generation of reformers>>

2 characteristics to distinguish were

1. increased professionalism of the female prison

2. administrators incorportation of a medical model

FOR THE FIRST TIME:

1. reformatories were managed by educated and experienced women proff. who put more distance b/w themselves and the prisoners

2.est. of physicians, psychiatrists, and psychs roles in classifying offenders and by an obession with identifying and responding to incarcerated womens venereal diseases.

RATES OF IMPRISONMENT:

- womens rates are growing at a faster rate than males

-exceeded mens since 1981

-# of women in prison tripled int the 80s while the # of men only doubled

- AA males  in 20s,30s have the highest incarceration rates of all the gender-race-age groups

-women: factor>> increased likelihood of having survived sexual and or physical violence, particularly by male relative/intimate partner

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WOMENS IMPRISONMENT:

-psychotropic and tranquilizer drug scripts are far more common in women's prisons than mens.

PARENTHOOD: GENDER DIFF AMONG PRISONERS

- the average # of dependent children oer incarcerated women is between 2-3.

THE PRISON SUBCULTURE:

- has to do with prisoners norms and values and the adjustment and coping prisoners do to counterbalance and the negative aspects of confinement

LIBERATION HYPO: the view that racial discrimination in senetencing is more likely for dependents convicted of minor offenses rather than those convicted of serious offenses

DARK FIGURE OF CRIME: crimes unknown and not reported to the police

CHIVALRY HYPO: idea that women are treated leniantly by the cj system bc police prosecutors, and judges are predom. male and has a gracious attitude towards women

EQUAL TREATMENT HYPO: there is not sex discrimination in the crime processing system. males and females are treated equally.

EVIL WOMEN: sex discrimination is against women, and females are treated more harshly bc they have violated gender roles as well as the law changed for inappropriate sex role behavior.

1st african american women- GEORGIA ROBINSON -1916 PO in 1919@LAPD

-alicia stebbens wells -1910 holds title as first women police officer in LA, california

QUIZ QUESTIONS

1. what did women do? > dealt with children, special work, etc. seen as social workers for imprisoned women and juveniles

2. females first started in? >1968

3. 1st sworn female detective?> Lola Baldwin

4. What occurred in 1972? > equal opp. act, civil rights

5. Equally report disc. of race? > FALSE

TRADITIONAL: felt women didnt belong on patrol, viewed as needing protection or JR partners.

MODERNS: willing to work with females

MODERATES: neither positive or negative towards women's officers

ELIZABETH FRY: make treatment of prisoners more humane. "angel of prisons"