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| Clan/lineage leaders. Get people to do stuff for them by saying it is for the good of the group. |
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| Found in Melanesia. Has edible starchy corns and fleshy leaves. |
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| Archaeological site in American South West. Desert farming. Southern Arizona. Flourished from 300 B.C. to 1500 A.D. |
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| New Mexico. Dramatic cliffs. Ancestral Pueblo culture. Large, well-planned towns, extensive road and water-control systems. Outlying sites linked to the canyon at least symbolically by ceremonial roadways and visual communication systems. "Great houses" - large pueblos; contained luxury items including turquoise, seashells, copper bells, and macaw skeletons. |
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| Tree ring dating. Concentric circles - each circle representing annual growth. |
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| Large, well-planned towns, extensive road and water-control systems. Linked to Chaco Canyon. |
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| A maize and bean farming culture in the midwestern and southeastern United States dating from A.D. 900 to 1500, remarkable for its large ceremonial centers, elaborate religious beliefs, and powerful chiefdoms. |
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| Melanesia. 1500 BC. Distinctive locally made pottery. Early tattooing. Trade in obsidian. Self sufficient in pigs, dogs, fish, fowl, and taro. |
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| Snaketown, Arizona. Location of Hohokam settlement. |
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| Sacred ceremonial room built by prehistoric peoples in the American Southwest. |
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| A major Ancestral Pueblo "great house" in Chaco Canyon, occupied in the twelfth century A.D. |
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| A religious and burial cult centered on Illinois and the eastern United States, which flourished from 200 B.C. to 400 A.D. Elaboration of Adena with a distinctive religious ideology. Hopewell people dwelt in relatively small settlements and used only simple artifacts in daily life. Wore leather and woven clothes. All wealth and creativity was lavished on few individuals in their life after death. |
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| Alabama. Major Mississippian town and ceremonial center after 900 A.D. |
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| New Zealand example of pa. Enclosed. Elaborate structure at entrance to tell who is in charge and history. |
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| East. Contains Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island. |
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| American Southwestern cultural tradition of about 300 B.C. to about 1100 A.D. A highland farming culture without major population centers. |
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| Colorado. A series of canyons in Colorado famous for their multi-room Ancestral Pueblo pueblos of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries A.D. |
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| Flourished in the Ohio Valley between 500 B.C. and about 400 A.D. One of the first to build extensive earthworks; flat-topped hills form circles, squares, and other shapes. These were ceremonial enclosures (not defensive). Often used as burial grounds with elite members in log-lined tombs under mounds. |
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| Illinois. Major ceremonial center of the Mississippian culture. |
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| Why does sedentism and private property play such an important role in social complexity? |
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| When you first settle down and move to an idea of one person owning something that previously everyone would have access to, you're going to require laws, civil liberties, some sort of leader, law enforcement... etc. |
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| What was the role of "big men" in chiefdoms? |
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| They were the leaders. They organized redistribution and established laws. |
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| How does the "stone money" from Yap reflect on the status of a chief? |
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| Having stone money was a symbol of prestige and power. The chief should have a lot of stone money, because he has a position of prestige and power. No one should have more prestige or power than the chief or his prestige and power is questioned. |
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| A culture that has a formal political organization with a central bureaucracy with the authority to employ legalized force. |
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| The process by which small, kin-based, nonliterate agricultural villages were transformed into large, socially complex, urban societies. Term first introduced by V. Gordon Childe. |
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| Wittfogel. Economy based on water; in this case, irrigation. |
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| Civilizations develop mainly as a construct of warfare. Under the threat of warfare, you may have one or two guys in charge of the troops. Under constant warefare, they're going to need constant power. Warlords become kings. |
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| Fundamentally about cities. City life. Urbanized, state-level societies. |
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| Wrote about the "Urban Revolution"; comprised of metallurgy and artisan class. A new class-stratified society came into being based on economic classes rather than kin ties. |
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| Tests Wittfogel's hypothesis. Finds it false in Southern Mesopotamia; finds that irrigation follows civilization there. |
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| Large and relatively dense settlement with a population numbered in at least the thousands. Specialization and interdependence between the city and rural hinterland, and between craftspeople and other groups within the city. Have centralized institutions to regulate internal affairs and ensure security. |
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| Believed irrigation lead to civilization because someone has to be in charge of the water, determining when and where to shut it on and off, and who has access to it. If you have one person or group of people in charge, you have power stratification. The people in charge of the water are then automatically in a higher status than those that depend upon their rule. |
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| Oversaw obsidian study. Used obsidian as a way of tracking the development of civilization across parts of Europe. Obsidian, in addition to being able to determine where geologically it's from - you can actually use it to determine how old something is. Compares the obsidian and looks at where it falls through time and how it places into the rise of civilizations of the time. |
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| What are two main characteristics of a city as opposed to other settlement types? |
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| Very large population. Interdependence on rural hinterland. Organizational complexity beyond small farming communities - centralized institutions. |
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| What are four traits of pre-industrial civilizations? |
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1. Limited production; limited division of labor.
2. Primarily agricultural.
3. Limited social stratification.
4. Limited communication with other communities. |
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| What are 3 factors that contribute to the "collapse" of civilizations? |
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1. Declining returns from social complexity (not enough reserves to carry through natural disasters of any kind)
2. Social unrest
3. Power vacuum - succession dispute, or powerful neighbor waiting to take over. |
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| "Layer cakes" like Jericho. |
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| Central place of public activities and faith for the community. |
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| Southern Mesopotamia. Inhospitable region - flooding, few building resources, awful climate. Some of the earliest city-states. Mixed economy. Used domesticated plants and animals of S. Meso., supplemented with fishing, hunting, and farming. |
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| Type of syllabary. Combination of consonant/vowel representations. Derived from the iconographic script they were previously using. |
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| Excavated a royal cemetary at Ur and found the remains of a series of kings and queens who had been buried in huge graves with their entire retinue of courtiers. |
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| Modern day Crete. Capital, Knosos. Island nation with mostly sea-faring economy. Primarily controlled ingredients for bronze - this is how it had power. |
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| Assyrian ruler. Nimrud: built on the remains of an earlier occupation, he establishes this amazingly ornate palace/capital combination. |
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| About the Jewish exile to Babylonia and how their land was taken over, their temple was squashed, they had no king; no identity. |
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City between two rivers.
Ubaid period (500 - 3500 BC)
Uruk period (3700 - 3100 BC)
Sumerian civilization (3100 - 2334 BC) |
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| The Golden Age - many cuneiform tablets found here during this time. Ur-Nammu reunifies Sumer and Akkad. Rededicates Ziggurat to Ur-Nammu. He has named himself after a God, and he names the city after that God as well - it is the God of that city. Authoritarian rule. |
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| Development of first city-state. Nucleation - city in the middle, villages outside, then farms on the outskirts. Occupational specialization. Building of Ziggurat. Metallurgy. Writing/record keeping. Social stratification. |
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| Population growth, competing city-states, expansion of exchange for necessary resources, first attempt at empires. |
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| Successfully pulls of empirical control for the firs time. Language shift from Sumerian to Semetic to control flow of information. Empire is short-lived, ends in complete political disarray. |
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| Turkey. Known for having a land-locked society. Introduced use of horse and chariots into warfare. Stopped Ramses II on his way out of Egypt when he was trying to conquer lands to the north. Real feudal system. Capital: Hatrisa - has Lions Gates. |
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| Spoken about with the epics of Homer. Sheep and wool production. Growth of local resources (e.g., dates and wheat). |
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| Assyrian capital moved here by Assurbanipal. Adds a library with cuneiform tablets. |
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| Moves Assyrian capital to Nineveh. Has great literary interest. |
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| Name of god, name of city, name of ruler. |
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| Find some of the first accounts of his story in the library of Nineveh. |
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| Hamumrabi's code. Based on previous rules - now written down; makes them harder to challenge/change. Many keep with the laws we have in contemporary society. |
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| Agglomeration of different cultures united by economic activity - maritime trade. They are able to control good portions of the Mediterranean area. Control Tyrian purple. |
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| "Assur" - prefix associated with a God. Apply it to city, then apply it to rulers names. |
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| Demolishes Jerusalem. Brings elites back to Babylonia. |
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| Circular disk with a whole series of images represented on it. Still unable to decipher it because we have no code, no "Rosetta stone". |
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| Why is 'Ubaid development in Southern Mesopotamia so remarkable? |
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| Because it developed in an "inhospitable" area prone to flooding, few building resources, and a poor climate. |
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| What is the initial role of writing in Ancient Mesopotamia? |
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| Record keeping, private property, ownership. |
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| How did Sargon use language to restrict power in Akkad? |
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| He changed the language from Sumerian to Semetic. Fewer people can understand each other and information is difficult to obtain. By initially excluding the Sumerians from discussions, they can decide things like who controls how much land and water without them butting in for a decent share. |
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