In the North, early __________________ resulted in improved communications systems and the spread of mass culture and popular publications influenced almost every aspect of social life.

industrialization. In the 1820s America was undergoing tremendous transformation. As people strove to make sense of these momentous transformations, several morally committed individuals dedicated themselves to showing Americans the contradictions of the society in which they lived and called for a variety of social reforms. Especially in New England, where change brought by early industrialization was more pronounced, organized movements for reform, such as temperance, affected a large part of the population.

Related to the reformist ferment, a new _____________ revival swept across America in the 1820s; preachers like Charles G. Finney and Lyman Beecher urged individuals to abandon their sinful lives and look for God's salvation through contribution to the moral improvement of society.

evangelical. Evangelical ministers and evangelical converts touched by the new revivalist wave effectively constituted the most important influence on the abolitionist movement; several abolitionist leaders were educated in New England by evangelical preachers, who gave them a strong sense of moral and religious commitment and a will to fight moral degradation and the evil represented by sin, such as the one of owning slaves.

The largest group of immigrants, 1.5 million between 1845 and 1855, came from _____________.

Ireland. Beginning in 1845 the potato blight devastated the Irish potato crop and those immigrants who could pay their way to the United States were still the poorest ever to enter the country, and many lacked the skills to compete for anything but marginal work.

The Irish generally settled in __________ cities, taking what jobs they could.

Northern. Men often ended up in coal mines or accepting the most dangerous work on railroad or canal projects, while women took employment as servants or labored in textile mills. Relatively few settled in the South, where the slave economy offered little paid labor. Cities like New York, Boston, and Philadelphia saw their immigrant populations explode seemingly overnight. The social pressures from this ethnic demographic change brought a quick response from native-born Americans who quickly put up "no Irish need apply" signs.

Politically, the _____________ Party tendered the Irish a means of overcoming their persecution.

Democratic. Needing the immigrant vote, especially at the local level, party machines like Tammany Hall in New York City helped settle newcomers and find them work. In the Irish the Democrats discovered a willing partner in the protection of slavery as an institution. Fearful of competition for jobs and association with the nation's most persecuted population, the Irish actively and violently opposed abolition and the free-soil politics of Northern Republicans.

Another larger group of immigrants, better off than the Irish and with a greater percentage of skilled laborers, the ___________ moved in large numbers to western states and cities like Cincinnati, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Louis.

Germans. The largest group of immigrants other than the Irish came from the German states of central Europe. Fleeing from crop failures and economic dislocation, as well as the failed revolutions of 1848, more than 1.3 million Germans emigrated to the United States between 1846 and 1859., commonly settling together in chains of migration from German towns. Unlike the Irish, German communities were often led by former revolutionaries like Carl Schurz who spoke out against slavery.

Although ordinary Germans frequently voted Democratic, like their Irish counterparts, they gained a reputation for __________ to slavery.

opposition. German immigrants, many Catholic like the Irish, were attacked by nativist organizations as well. The largest of these nativist organizations was the so-called Know-Nothing Party, which between 1854 and 1856 threatened to become the nation's second largest political party and campaigned to take away citizenship rights from all immigrants, especially Catholics.

The ____________ Party (or the Know-Nothings, as members were commonly known), played a key role in the transformation of the second American political party system during the mid-1850s.

American. The Know-Nothings grew out of a nativist organization in New York City called the Order of the Star Spangled Banner. It was a secret society devoted to denying political participation to Catholics and the foreign born, and to defeating the old, corrupt Whig and Democratic Parties, which the society accused of catering to the immigrant vote. Energized by unrest over the waves of primarily Irish and German immigrants pouring into the United States (2.9 million immigrants entered the country between 1845 and 1854), the Know-Nothings spread throughout much of the eastern and border states in 1853 and 1854, gradually moving into politics in support of their anti-Catholic, antiforeign, and antiparty agenda. Still unknown by much of the population, the Know-Nothing Party most amazing victories came in Massachusetts, where the party managed to capture all but three seats in the state legislature and the entire congressional delegation, and to elect the governor and a United States senator. Know-Nothings earned less spectacular, but still significant, victories in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Ohio and thus stood on the verge of national power. The Know-Nothings lost the 1856 election, but this political struggle, combined with the role both the Irish and Germans played in the sectional confrontation over slavery, placed the nation's newest population in the middle of the political crisis of the 1850s.

___________________ died down by 1861 because of a lessening of the crises in Ireland and Germany and the beginning of the Civil War.

Immigration. Even more than they had in the 1850s, German and Irish immigrants participated in the nation's struggle for survival. Prominent Germans put together all-German ethnic regiments within the Union army, while both Germans and Irish served in large numbers in regular regiments. Approximately 150,000 Irish and nearly 200,000 Germans served the Union fighting cause. Although few immigrants lived in the South, those who did often enlisted in the Confederate army as well. Not all immigrant participation in the North aided the Union war effort, however. Despite this, the immigrant Irish and German contribution helped win the war for the Union and in turn moved both groups closer to being considered full-fledged Americans.

Beginning on July 11, 1863, in reaction to emancipation and a new military _____ that seemed to target the poor, Irish in New York City rioted.

draft. They burned and looted for four days, killing at least 105 people, mostly black, in the worst riot in U.S. history.

The first African ________ arrived in North America as indentured servants for the Spanish in what would become Georgia in 1526.

slaves. In 1619, 20 survivors of an original shipment of 100 Africans landed at Jamestown, Virginia, and began providing the stable labor force that was the backbone of large-scale agricultural production. Africans were prized as slaves because of their color and the fact that they knew little about North America, making it more difficult for them to escape. A black man or woman was presumed to be a slave unless he or she could show otherwise. Literally bound to a life of racism, servitude, and enforced illiteracy, African slaves and their descendants had little choice but to submit to their situation at least temporarily or face death. Estimates vary, but at least ten million Africans were transported to the New World between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries to become slaves.

Slavery was so entrenched in the American experience and culture that as late as the 1830s __________ were considered raving fanatics whose provocative tirades threatened the well-being of the entire nation, North and South.

abolitionists. Almost from the beginning, rather than being "conceived in liberty," as many historians have maintained, the United States was heavily dependent on coerced labor and, from the early eighteenth century until as late as 1865, slavery. Eight of the country's first twelve presidents, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, were slave holders, constituting 49 of the nation's first 61 years.

At the time of the American Revolution, every colony had slaves. Opponents tried to have the practice declaimed or banned in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution but were defeated, and the Northwest Ordinance of ________ provided for the return of fugitive slaves as it prohibited slavery in states carved out of the Northwest Territory.

1787. Pennsylvania was the first state to emancipate its slaves in 1780, and it was joined by New York, New Jersey, and other Northern states, some grudgingly. Still, the United States became the first nation in the New World to have a self-reproducing slave population by the early nineteenth century. In the Deep South, plantation owners viewed slaves as an economic necessity. Many planters earned a return on their investment in slaves equal to the returns on money Northerners invested in manufacturing or railroads. By the time of the Civil War, the capital investment in slaves exceeded in value all other capital worth in the South, including land.

Alliances with ________ Americans led some slaves to settle or intermingle with tribes in Florida before the Revolutionary War.

Native. Subjugated but never defeated, African Americans resisted slavery any way they could. Escapes, while difficult, were common from the earliest years of slavery. In the nineteenth century, the Underground Railroad provided freedom for thousands of slaves even as thousands of others who were unsuccessful perished or were returned into bondage. More organized slave revolts began as early as 1690, but the Nat Turner Rebellion of 1831 was particularly disturbing because it was organized and led by a literate, religiously inspired slave.

What ended as the Civil War began in many respects as ____________, the first serious reform movement in American history.

abolitionism. The abolitionist movement, or abolitionism, flourished in the United States between 1830 and 1865. Its aim was the immediate emancipation of the slaves in the American South. For most of its history, abolitionism was a movement at the margins of American politics, and abolitionists were a dissenting minority. Abolitionism had its historical roots in the Enlightenment's doctrine of human rights and in the evangelical attack on the morality of slavery that characterized the Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s.

Early abolitionists included the _______ who, throughout the eighteenth century, engaged in an uncompromising battle against slavery, which they saw as a moral abomination in opposition to God's plans for human progress.

Quakers. Eighteenth-century abolitionism gained momentum during the revolutionary period and reached its peak between 1784 and 1804, when slavery was abolished in the Northern states and many slaves were manumitted in the South. After 1804, the new economic opportunities brought by the cotton boom and increasing fears of slave rebellion made Southern slaveholders tighten their control over their slaves.

The South became increasingly paranoid toward and protective of its "________ institution" in the wake of the abolitionist movement.

peculiar. Slaves were prohibited by law from becoming literate, gatherings (even religious) of African Americans were viewed with apprehension, and white abolitionists and their propaganda were driven or prohibited from the South. Although slavery was supported as an institution by most of the South before the Civil War, it cut a limited socioeconomic line. Only one quarter of all Southern whites owned slaves in 1860, and of that number, only ten thousand families owned at least 50 slaves, according to the federal census.

In the decades before the Civil War, the development of the _________ industry fueled the economic growth and westward expansion of the American South and played a major role in the rapid growth of the American economy overall.

cotton. Until the 1790s, the South grew and exported a relatively small amount of cotton. Rice, tobacco, and sugar cane were the most lucrative crops raised in the American South. The growth of the British textile industry, however, fueled the demand for cotton. Southern planters grew high-quality Sea Islands cotton which could easily be separated from the seeds but this variety of cotton could only be grown within forty miles of the coast. Although inferior in quality to the long-staple Sea Islands cotton, Uplands cotton could be grown successfully in the South's warm interior. Until the nineteenth century, however, planters raised very little short-staple cotton as the task of separating the fiber from the seeds was time consuming and the amount of labor required to process Uplands cotton did not make its cultivation a profitable venture.

The invention of the _________ __________ by Northerner Eli Whitney in 1793 contributed to the dramatic growth of cotton exports.

cotton gin. In 1792 the United States exported 140,000 pounds of cotton. By 1811, however, that number soared to 64 million pounds. The cotton gin, a relatively simple machine, allowed field hands to separate the fiber of short-staple cotton from its seeds quickly and easily. The cotton gin immediately increased output fifty times, and later models further improved on this. Short-staple cotton could be profitably grown throughout the South and growers could meet the British demand for cotton. By 1840 the South produced 60 percent of the world's cotton. By the time the Civil War broke out, cotton comprised half of all American exports.

As secession grew near, the concept of "King ________" diplomacy gave Southerners confidence that they would gain England's economic and military support if civil war erupted.

Cotton. European nations imported a great deal of Southern cotton, but Great Britain was the South's top consumer, purchasing half of all it produced to sustain its booming textile industry. In fact, 80 percent of England's supply of cotton came from the American South. As it became apparent that secession from the Union lay on the South's horizon, Southerners believed that if the cotton trade were interrupted, textile manufacturers and indeed, Great Britain itself, would face economic hardship. In 1858 Senator James Hammond of South Carolina speculated that if Britain's supply of cotton were cut off, "Old England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her." Others held similar ideas and speculated that if sectional tensions led to civil war, England would intervene on the South's behalf rather than risk suffering the catastrophic economic loss that could result from the interruption of trade.

By the ____________ Purchase of 1803, the US acquired territory from France.

Louisiana. Under the leadership of President Thomas Jefferson, the US bought the territory for the bargain price of $15 million and it extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains between the Gulf of Mexico and the Canadian border. Jefferson saw the purchase as a means of avoiding war, protecting trade, staking a claim on the continent, and providing a relocation solution for the native Indians. The South saw it as access to a virtually unlimited cotton field.

The sectional differences that developed between the North and the South had origins in the ______________ Convention.

Constitutional. By the time the founders of the United States gathered to write a constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation, the North and South had already developed into distinctly different places. The North had begun to develop a commercial economy based on trade and industrial production and the South, of course, had a slave-based economy that had a profound impact on other aspects of Southern life—social structure, culture, value system, and so forth.

The three-fifths ____________ stipulates that slaves may be counted as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of levying taxes and apportioning representation in Congress.

compromise. While slavery was not constitutionally banned, the slave-trade would cease as of 1808. The issue that remained was how to hammer out equitable representation in the government. The south, which usually held slaves as property, suddenly preferred to count them as humans thus increasing their representation numbers; the North argued that slaves should be excluded for the calculation. The Three-Fifths Compromise was eventually reached, it diverted immediate conflict but settled nothing and the slavery issue continued to smolder.

A year before the Constitution was ratified, Congress enacted the Northwest __________ of 1787.

Ordinance. At the time of the American Revolution, every colony had slaves. Opponents tried to have the practice declaimed or banned in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution but were defeated. Congress took a stand, however, and passed the Northwest Ordinance, which spelled out the basis for the government of the Northwest Territory. Under this ordinance, they outlawed slavery in the Territory but it also provided for the return of fugitive slaves as slavery was prohibited in the Northwest Territory. Pennsylvania was the first state to emancipate its slaves in 1780, and it was joined by New York, New Jersey, and other Northern states.

In 1793 Congress passed the ____________ Slave Act, which empowered federal marshals and magistrates to return runaway slaves to their owners.

Fugitive. Less than six years after the adoption of the Constitution, Congress was compelled to address Southern complaints that escaped slaves were able to move freely throughout the North without fear of capture. After much debate the Fugitive Slave Act was passed and many Northern states passed laws almost immediately trying to block enforcement of the act. Less than a decade had elapsed since the adoption of the Constitution, and already Congress was having difficulty addressing sectional issues in a way that was satisfactory to both sides.

The ___________________ gave individual states all powers and authority not specifically reserved to the federal government.

Constitution. Southerners argued, those states that did not want slavery could outlaw it and those states that wished to preserve the practice within their borders could do that as well. Abolitionists felt the Northwest Ordinance established a non-slavery precedent for all territories, pro slavery factions though felt that since the Constitution only banned the slave-trade, the practice of slavery itself was admissible. It cited the Three-Fifths Compromise and the Fourth Amendment which guaranteed the security of property as arguments for its case.

In March 1820, the Missouri _________ was reached that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state.

Compromise. In 1818-1819 there were 44 Senators; 22 from the South and 22 from the North. Missouri petitioned to become part of Union as a slave holding state and this threatened the precarious balance. Northern Senators held that Congress had the right to ban slavery in new states and the South argued that new states should have the same rights as the original 13 to determine for themselves whether or not they would allow slavery. At last, in March 1820, the Missouri Compromise was reached that allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state while simultaneously holding that Maine would be admitted as a slave-free state. This maintained slaveholding/slave free balance. Essentially this meant a line would be drawn across the Louisiana Territory at a latitude of 36°30, north of which slavery would be banned, except in the case of Missouri.

_________________ is the concept that a state may nullify or refuse to obey or enforce any federal law it considers unconstitutional.

Nullification. In 1832, South Carolina called a convention and passed an Ordinance of Nullification forbidding collection of tariff duties in the Sate. Ultimately this ended as showdown between the will of the States and the will of the Nation. Advocates of nullification were really fighting for protection of slavery which they feared would be abolished by a Northern majority government. Slavery was an intensely economic issue and the South could not afford to back away from it.

William Lloyd Garrison galvanized the abolitionist movement by publishing The _____________ .

Liberator. The radical Liberator was a periodical that declared slavery no less than an abomination in the sight of God and called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves. Garrison embarked on a national campaign of “moral suasion” to end slavery.

______ _______ _______ was a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe which turned many northerners toward active opposition of slavery.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin. While Harriet Beecher Stowe was living in Ohio, she was able to observe first hand the slave trade which occurred just across the river. It caused her to write a novel against slavery, which was published in book form in 1852; it became very popular in the north and led to wide-spread anti-slavery sentiment.

Many Southerners claimed that the novel painted an inaccurate and misleading picture of slavery, but Stowe tried to be accurate and fair to the South. Some of the slave owners are kind and sympathetic characters, while the book’s villain was not even from the South—he was from New England.

Beginning in the 1830’s a loose network of white abolitionists and free blacks created an Underground ___________ to smuggle slaves out of the South.

Railroad. The conductors of the railroad were secret operatives that transferred fugitives from one safe house to the next. 50-100,000 slaves were transported to freedom in the North but the railroad system never reached the deep southern states of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi.

_____________ won independence from Mexico in the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836.

Texas. The Southwest, still a Republic of Mexico, was quickly being settled by Americans and by 1836 the American population of Texas was 50,000 while Mexicans numbered only 3,500. The American colony tried to negotiate for a degree of autonomy but was denied. 187 Texans made a stand at the Alamo and held off 5,000 Mexican troops for 10 days until their bitter defeat. This spurred Texans to unite and, under Houston’s leadership they defeated Santa Anna and Texas was free. Texas immediately asked to be annexed to the US. This was met with reluctance, however, because it would mean adding another slave state; upsetting the delicate balance of compromise and surely starting war with Mexico.

On May 13, 1846 the US declared war on _____________ .

Mexico. US forces enjoyed victory after victory and on September 17, 1847 Santa Anna surrendered. By the Treaty of Hidalgo Mexico cedes to the US New Mexico (now parts of Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and Colorado) and California and withdrew claims to Texas above the Rio Grande. The addition of these Western territories was potentially explosive as to whether a state would join the Union as free state or slave state.

The ______ _______, signed by the House of Representatives during the Mexican War, attempted to ban slavery in any new territories that would be gained from the war.

Wilmot Proviso. This bill never passed through the senate from lack of Southern support. Southerners felt like they were being treated unfairly by this attempt to ban slavery in the future southwest territories, which would have made them a minority in the Senate. This matter was unresolved until the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which relied on popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in each new state.

The Compromise of ____________ admitted California to the Union as a free state but the other territories acquired by the Mexican War would be subject to popular sovereignty.

1850. The Compromise of 1850 was proposed by Henry Clay, who recognized a need for a great compromise to save the Union. This provision would allow popular sovereignty to decide slavery in the former Louisiana Territory, thus canceling out the Missouri Compromise, which had been the law of the land for thirty-four years.

Northerners for the most part were staunchly against it, but Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster, who was usually a voice for anti-slavery, spoke in favor of this compromise, which he saw as necessary for the preservation of the Union. Northern opponents to the compromise, such as William Seward, considered Webster a traitor to the cause of freedom for supporting the Compromise of 1850.

Another important part of this compromise was to discontinue the slave trade in the District of Columbia. A strong Fugitive Slave Law was passed explicitly forbidding Northerners to grant refuge to escaped slaves.

In January 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois introduced into the Senate a report that recommended the creation of two new territories in the former Louisiana Purchase Territory, ____________ and Nebraska.

Kansas. Douglas was interested in the opening of western lands, which, he believed, would add to the vigorous growth of the new nation. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had specifically outlawed the institution of slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the line of 36º 30', except for Missouri.

The _________-__________ Act introduced to the Senate by Stephen A. Douglas in 1854 hastened the disintegration of the Whig party and the creation of the new Republican Party.

Kansas-Nebraska. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which had banned slavery in that area. Instead, it introduced the idea of popular sovereignty which allowed the people living in the state to decide whether they would be a free state or a slave state. This resulted in a flood of pro-slavery and abolitionist settlers entering the Kansas territory, eventually leading to its being declared as a free state in 1861.

An important side-effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was the creation of the Republican Party. This Act resulted in the splitting apart of the Democratic Party along North-South lines and the disintegration of the Whig party. These Whigs, Democrats and Know-Nothings created the new Republican Party.

In the 1830’s and 1840’s, the _______ Party believed in the importance of individual initiative and opportunity; favoring an energetic government in the pursuit of progress and the promotion of economic growth.

Whig. The Whig party was a factor on the national level for only about two decades, but in that time its membership included a diverse and distinguished group of political leaders, including Henry Clay, Alexander Stevens, and Abraham Lincoln. There was wide variance in the individual political philosophies of the men who made up the Whig Party.

Henry Clay's American System was the ultimate expression of the Whig agenda to use federal money for internal state improvements. It was a plan for government-sponsored construction of roads and canals.

The party's lack of unity ended up being their downfall. For most of their existence, the Whigs endeavored to minimize the slavery issue. They kept it off the agenda as much as possible, and when that was not possible, they compromised. By the 1850s the slavery issue could be ignored no longer; Northern Whigs, who were in the numerical majority, focused on the party's central theme of opportunity, and insisted that the very survival of the republic depended on the spread of free labor across the continent. This was unacceptable to Southern Whigs and the Whig Party disappeared by the mid-1850s.

From the ashes of the Whig Party rose the _________ who brought together all of the groups who opposed the Democrats.

Republicans. In order to compete with the Democrats, who were still the majority party, the abolitionists, free-soilers, former Whigs, antiforeigners, and so forth joined together to form the Republican party. They staked out a fairly narrow agenda, focusing on the importance of free soil—limiting slavery to those states where it existed and preserving the territories exclusively for free labor. They also supported government assistance in this area, through grants of land and the construction of a transcontinental railroad.

The first meeting of the _________ party occurred in 1854, and by 1856 they fielded their first presidential candidate; John C. Fremont.

Republican. Fremont ran against Democrat James Buchanan, a Northerner well known for his record of public service and his tendency to sympathize with the Southern position on slavery. The Republican platform quoted both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, emphasizing the importance of free soil and outlining what Republicans viewed as Southern transgressions against the American people, including the events in "Bleeding Kansas," and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. Fremont was defeated fairly soundly, capturing only 33 percent of the vote compared to Buchanan's 45 percent but Republican leaders were heartened by their many victories in local contests, and by their realization that the party would be much better organized by the time of the next presidential election in 1860.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act enraged Northern antislavery forces and it led to eleven years of armed conflict from 1854 to 1865; the so called Kansas Wars or ____________ Kansas.

Bleeding. After the Act was passed a rush of antislavery and proslavery settlers arrived in Kansas. The conflict was bloody and dirty; mostly characterized by guerilla warfare between the proponents of slavery and the so-called "Free Starters.” Although Kansas was ultimately admitted as a free state in 1861, guerilla violence was repeated there throughout the civil war.

In the case of ______ _____ vs Sanford, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in the territories, even if territorial inhabitants desired such a prohibition.

Dred Scott. Democrat James Buchanan won the 1856 election, but he had been in office only two days when the Supreme Court made a ruling in the Dred Scott case on March 6, 1857. Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom on the basis that his owner had taken him to live for five years in the free state of Illinois and the free Wisconsin Territory. Chief Justice Roger Taney's denied Scott’s freedom and his ruling seriously eroded the power of popular sovereignty to exclude slavery from any territories in the Union. Republicans decried the decision and condemned the Court and the Southerners charges that the North would not respect any measures—even Supreme Court decisions that did not ban slavery.

John Brown participated in the Pottawatomie ___________ and led the raid on Harper’s Ferry.

Massacre. A white abolitionist, John Brown participated in the mutilation of five unarmed men and boys at a pro-slavery settlement on Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas, called the Pottawatomie Massacre. This was in retaliation to the Sack of Lawrence, which was an attack on the free soil town of Lawrence, that killed two and destroyed homes and businesses. He would eventually lead some men down to Harper’s Ferry to raid the federal arsenal in a failed attempt to create a violent uprising of slaves against their masters.

For the election of 1860, the ___________ found themselves divided over both a candidate and a platform.

Democrats. The Democratic party had been a strong force in the North, but after the ominous events of Harper’s Ferry the party started to split. Two Democratic Party candidates emerged: Stephen A. Douglas and John C. Breckenridge, the latter bearing the onus of being the "Southern" candidate.

In the election of 1860, an Illinois state politician by the name of ________ _______ became the Republican presidential candidate after replacing William Seward, the Republican frontrunner, at the Chicago convention.

Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln wasn’t always the favored candidate in the election of 1860. It wasn’t until the Chicago convention that Illinois’ “Favorite Son” became the candidate of choice after a showdown with the current frontrunner, William Seward, who many considered to be too radical.

On the first ballot, Seward won with over seventy more votes than Lincoln, but after it was proven to be a battle between Lincoln and Seward, many votes for lesser known candidates were switched to Lincoln. After becoming the Republican candidate, he made Seward his Secretary of State.

The Republican presidential candidate for the 1860 election was ______ _______.

Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's declarations on slavery during the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858 struck such a sympathetic chord among Northerners that he emerged from the contest a national figure. Stating a moderate antislavery position, Lincoln insisted that slavery could not be stopped where it existed, but that it must not be allowed to spread to areas where it did not. As much as he condemned slavery, he refused to denounce slaveholders and prominent Republicans began to consider Lincoln as a possible presidential candidate for 1860.

In an election where there are at least three parties, it’s possible that none of the parties will get the majority of the votes. The party with the greatest number of votes is said to have the ________ of the vote.

Plurality. To get the majority of the votes, you would have to get at least 50% of the votes. When there’s a 3-way election, it’s possible that one candidate would have the most votes, but still have less than 50%. For instance, Abraham Lincoln won 39% of the popular vote, which was more than the other two parties. He had the plurality, but not the majority, of the popular vote.

In November 1860, Lincoln became the __________ president-elect of the United States.

sixteenth. 123 electoral votes were divided among the Democratic candidates and 180 votes went to Lincoln. Lincoln actually won a minority of the popular vote (1,866,452 vs. 2,815,617 for the combined Democrats) and had the Democrats been able to front a single candidate they may very well have defeated Lincoln.

The withdrawal by the Southern states from the Federal Union following the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in November 1860 is called _________.

secession. In Lincoln the South saw a threat to its established way of life and fundamental rights. Four days after his election South Carolina legislature called a convention that met in Charleston and on December 20, 1860 the convention unanimously chose to secede from the Union. By February 1861 six additional Deep South states (Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) had followed.

In February 1861, the seven Southern states that had seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama to form the ____________ States of America.

Confederate. Basic American ideals of self-determination as manifested in the Declaration of Independence guided the Southerners toward secession and in their mind justified them in the act. Released from Northern assaults on its "peculiar institution" of slavery, the South was confident that it would do much better as a separate nation.

The commander of Fort Sumter at the time of South Carolina’s secession was Major Robert __________.

Anderson. Fort Sumter was the site of much negotiation between the Union and the new Confederacy – the Confederates wanting to claim the Fort as their own. While these negotiations were going on, Fort Sumter was running low on supplies. President Buchanan was determined to leave the situation to his successor, Abraham Lincoln, and many were still convinced the Peace Convention would work out a compromise that would restore the Union; so Anderson was left waiting for instructions When it was apparent no compromise would be reached, Anderson assumed he would be directed to evacuate the Fort. These orders did not come and Davis, learning that a relief mission was coming for the Fort from the North, ordered the fort’s surrender or shots would be fired.

The Confederates that attacked Fort Sumter were led by Pierre __________ .

Beauregard. Beauregard, who had been taught by Anderson at West Point, was an excellent artillerist and engineer. On the afternoon of April 11, 1861 he sent two men rowing under a flag of truce into the Harbor and they presented Anderson with a note demanding his surrender. Anderson, himself was torn between loyalty to the Union and sympathy to the South, replied that he could not comply. Anderson said upon the row-men’s retreat that if the Fort weren’t battered to defeat, the men would surely be starved out.

On April 12, 1861, the Confederates attacked Fort __________.

Sumter. Fort Sumter was located on an artificial island in Charleston Harbor and was commanded by Major Anderson. Since South Carolina’s secession, it had been a focus of siege as South Carolinians were seizing any federal property and military installations that they could. South Carolina’s Governor, Francis Pickens, had been demanding the Fort’s surrender since January but Major Anderson had been staving them off. The attack on Fort Sumter was the official beginning of the Civil War. The first shot fired was by Virginian Roger Pryor who later tried to poison himself but was revived by the fort’s physician.

_______ ________of Mississippi was chosen as the President of the Confederacy and Alexander Stevens was the Vice President.

Jefferson Davis. Jefferson Davis was elected President of the Confederacy for a six-year term, a provision of the constitution of the newly created nation.

Though the Confederate Constitution was based on the U.S. Constitution, it had many differences: the president could only serve one six-year term (unlike the unlimited four-year terms that the U.S. had at the time), the president had the power of the line item veto, the right to own slaves was explicitly stated, and any new territory would be added as a slave state.

An interesting fact is that although the Confederate Constitution explicitly guaranteed slavery in both states and territories, it banned the international slave trade.

The _________ states were slave states that did not secede.

border. These states included Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. West Virginia declared loyalty to the Union and seceded from Virginia when that state left the Union; becoming a new state in the Union. Kentucky, a slave state, declared neutrality and it slowly shifted allegiance to the Union.

In an effort to avert war John ____________ , a Kentucky Senator, proposed constitutional amendments that protected slavery and tried to accommodate Southern apprehensions.

Crittenden. Known as the Crittenden Compromise it was basically a revival of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 extending the line of freedom all the way to the Pacific. The President Buchanan and President–elect Lincoln were both silent on the Compromise and it never passed Senate.

Allan J. ___________ and others successfully foiled an alleged plot to assassinate President-elect Lincoln.

Pinkerton. Pinkerton was part of the Federal Secret Service Agency and one of his operatives, Timothy Webster, posing as a secessionist, accidentally discovered a plot to assassinate then president-elect Lincoln as he passed through Baltimore on his way to Washington. The president-elect's train plans, intending to stop at most major cities between Indianapolis and Washington, were rescheduled. Lincoln was informed of the plan in Philadelphia as Pinkerton rendezvoused with him on the night of February 21. Pinkerton took this case into his own hands as he cut short Lincoln's itinerary, rushing him to Washington to arrive on February 23.

On the April 19th, 1861, President Lincoln ordered a blockade of the southern ports. This resulted in Great Britain recognizing the Confederate States as a _________ _________.

Belligerent Power. Though a nation can choose to close its ports and charge heavy penalties to those who attempt to enter, it cannot search and seize foreign ships bound to those embargoed ports. To do this, both parties must be engaged in war, and become belligerents. The United States did not openly consider the CSA as a belligerent power, merely a part of the nation, but Great Britain recognized it as a belligerent power. Though the British government never recognized the CSA as a sovereign nation, its decision to call the rebels a belligerent power was considered by the Union to be an unfriendly act.

The doctrine at the very heart of the South’s Rebellion was that of __________ Rights.

State. The assertion of State’s Rights, unfortunately, was very incompatible with the equally pressing need for a strong central government that could wage a concerted war effort. Any claim Davis and his Cabinet laid to broad wartime powers was met with a storm of criticism, which undermined his leadership ability.

Davis’ Cabinet [was or was not] experienced and capable of fighting a war.

Was not. Davis lacked Lincoln’s skill in choosing talented advisors and his cabinet was made up of mostly undistinguished members who lacked the ability to manage a government let alone wage a war. Because Davis could not rely on any of his Cabinet members sufficiently, he ended up shouldering much of the leadership burden. This micromanagement was quite often detrimental to the war effort.

The Union depended on the ________ to fill assigned quotas with volunteers.

States. Though the Union did initiate a draft, the vast majority of the army was made up of volunteers. Out of an army of 1.8 million, only 46,347 were draftees. By offering bounties they were able to raise an army based for a large part on state volunteers. The Confederacy was a slightly different story, though it too was based largely on state volunteers, 20% of its army were draftees.

The Union army was rife with ________ Generals; commanders who were inexperienced but given a high military rank as a reward for political service.

Political. The Union did have notable officers like Grant, Sheridan, and Sherman but many of its commanders had little to no military experience. When the Southern States seceded, more than 300 Officers resigned to join the Confederates. As a result, the Union forces were usually less capably led than the South’s.

Most of the army members were volunteers but both the Union and Confederate armies passed _________ laws to bolster their ranks.

conscription. In April 1862, the Confederacy enacted a draft law but wealthy plantation owners were exempt and it was possible to pay a commutation fee or hire a substitute. In the North, one year later, the Union’s attempts to conscript were equally unfair (the commutation fee was $300 while the average laborer earned $1 per day); sparking a series of riots. Commanding officers did not value conscripts and they made very poor soldiers.

Many Northerners, including President Lincoln, expected that the conflict would be over in a few months, however, U.S. Army General-in-Chief Winfield ______ saw the magnitude of the future conflict more clearly.

Scott. Born in 1786, Winfield Scott started his military career in 1808 as a captain and served with distinction in the War of 1812. During the Mexican-American War, he brilliantly commanded the U.S. landing at Vera Cruz and the subsequent campaign in 1847; demonstrating intelligent leadership, a knack for organization, an appreciation for logistics, and a comprehension of strategic and political issues. In 1861, he predicted that the Civil War would last more than two years, require 300,000 Union soldiers, and cost 100,000 casualties as a result of both combat and disease.

Winfield Scott formulated the so-called ______ Plan, a grand strategic or political plan for the subjugation of the Confederacy.

Anaconda. Aside from insufficient manpower and material, the Union's military and political leaders did not possess a coherent plan for victory so Scott devised a plan would squeeze the South economically; cutting off its harbors and controlling the Mississippi and other main rivers separating the East from the West. The term "Anaconda" came into use after 1861 among Union leaders and skeptical Union press to describe Scott's strategy. Scott designed his Anaconda Plan to force the Confederacy into peace negotiations rather than the purely defeating its armed forces on the battlefield as Scott favored conciliation with the Confederacy rather than its destruction in a total war.

The Border States of Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, and Maryland were _______ states but they had not voted to secede.

slave. For the Union, losing these States could mean the end of the war before it had begun and for the Confederacy, gaining these States would mean a great advantage. Delaware’s loyalty to the Union was certain, as secession was never a significant issue there. Kentucky maintained neutrality and officially the Union and Confederacy left Kentucky alone. Missouri was a big question mark as its Governor was a secessionist.

The ________ legislature favored the Union but the Governor, C.F. Jackson, was a secessionist.

Missouri. Shortly after the fall of Fort Sumter, Jackson tried to seize the federal arsenal in St. Louis. The Union’s Captain Nathaniel Lyon blocked the effort and he eventually arrested some of Jackson’s militiamen. Lyon incited a riot in St. Louis when he marched the prisoners through the street and the Union troops ended up killing 20 civilians. Although Missouri never seceded, the Confederacy maintained control of the state’s southwest and fought many battles with Union leaders in their own state.

In the weeks after Fort Sumter’s fall, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and ______________ seceded.

Tennessee. Virginia seceded April 17, 1861, Arkansas seceded May 6, 1861, North Carolina seceded May 20, 1861, Tennessee seceded June 8, 1861. but it was very divided.

The Battle of ________ _______ was fought at Manassas Junction, Virginia, where two railroads, the Manassas Gap and the Orange & Alexandria, connected thirty miles southwest of Washington, DC.

Bull Run. The Orange & Alexandria Railroad was a natural line of advance for a Union army marching southward from Washington, while the Manassas Gap was important because it linked two Confederate armies in the divided section of northern Virginia. President Lincoln believed a quick offensive against Manassas was worth a try and ordered Union general Irvine McDowell to organize a 35,000-man army for an operation against Manassas. McDowell and Winfield Scott were apprehensive because their army was untrained but Lincoln admonished them saying, "You are green it is true, but they are green also."

In the battle of First Manassas, Union General McDowell marched south to crush the considerably smaller Confederate force led by General Beauregard. Unfortunately, McDowell's force moved too slowly, giving General _________ enough time to use the railroad to join and reinforce Beauregard.

Johnston. General McDowell was hoping to defeat Beauregard's forces quickly and end the Confederate rebellion in one quick blow. McDowell had 35,000 men while Beauregard had only 20,000. However, McDowell's army was inexperienced and moved in a slow and inefficient fashion.

A significant fact to note is that this battle was the first time in the Civil War that trains were used for the speedy deployment of troops. It had a huge effect on the outcome since it allowed the South to take advantage of McDowell's slowness and rush in General Johnston's force of nearly 10,000 troops. This meant that McDowell thought he was facing a much smaller army, but by the time he arrived, he was facing an army nearly equal in size.

The Battle of First Manassas is also known as the First Battle of Bull Run.

The final Battle of Bull Run took place on July 21, _________ .

1861. The fighting took these opposing troops to the Bull Run River and on July 21 35,000 Union troops met a reinforced confederate contingency of almost 30,000. Despite the reinforcements, McDowell’s forces first drove the Confederates back from their defensive positions. While confederates were stumbling over one another in confusion, General Thomas Jackson appeared with a brigade of Virginians.

The __________ forces won the Battle of Bull Run.

Confederate. The Union took an early lead in the fighting but the appearance of Stonewall Jackson and his unwavering Virginians turned the tide of the battle. Retreating Confederates were motivated by this grand gesture and after a series of skirmishes the Confederates banded together for a final counterthrust. Jackson ordered the men to “Yell like furies” and the rebel yell from the Confederate forces was enough to break the Union lines and scatter the federal troops, all beating a hasty retreat. Altogether, nearly 900 men had been killed and over 2,700 wounded, numbers that would pale in comparison to later battles, but nonetheless shocked a nation that had naively expected a relatively bloodless war. While the South basked in its glory, the Union went in search of a new general. Southerners had anticipated that one victory such as Bull Run would persuade the North to abandon the effort to restore the Union by force. Lincoln, however, made it clear after the battle that he would continue the fight by organizing new armies for the long war to come. Thirteen months later the men in blue and gray would meet again in battle on the plains of Manassas.

The ____________ Constitution held the same guarantees for personal liberties as the amended U.S. Constitution.

Confederate. At his inauguration as president of the Confederacy in February 1861, Davis stressed this point. He knew that backing for secession had not been solid, especially among plain folk. And signs of disloyalty to the Confederacy persisted. By early 1862, largely from fear of internal dissent, Congress and the Davis administration were imposing restrictions on civil liberties.

By the end of April 1861 Virginia had joined the Confederacy, and ____________ became the capital of the Confederate States of America.

Richmond. The first capital of the Confederate States of America was located at Montgomery, Alabama, and Virginia was still part of the Union when Fort Sumter fell on April 14, 1861. On April 17, 1861, the Virginia Secession Convention voted to withdraw from the United States, and an alliance with the Confederacy was ratified a week later on April 25. The convention extended an invitation for the Confederate government to relocate to Virginia and on May 20 the Confederate Congress passed a measure to move the fledgling government to Richmond and reconvene on July 20, 1861. The new capital was now just 106 miles from Washington, DC and from this point on the conquest of Richmond became an overriding objective of Union military strategy. Located at the falls of the James River, antebellum Richmond was one of the South's most bustling cities. Unlike most other Southern urban centers, Richmond contained a relatively diversified commercial and industrial base. Among these industries was the Tredegar Ironworks, an invaluable asset to the material war effort of the rebellion. As a consequence of this industrial development, Richmond was well connected by rail lines to other parts of the South and also provided port access via the James River and the Chesapeake Bay.

The _______ Affair nearly caused a war between Great Britain and the U.S. in November 1861.

Trent. The Trent Affair occurred when the U.S.S. San Jacinto stopped the British mail and passenger ship Trent and forcibly took off the Confederate emissaries James. M. Mason and John Slidell. With the British threatening war, Lincoln and Seward released the envoys and smoothed things over with Britain.