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| (1868) blacks granted citizenship |
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| (1896) upheld racial segregation (even in public utilies) under "separate but equal" doctrine |
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| "separate but equal" laws; segregation laws |
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| segregation by custom and tradition in the North |
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| Chief justice announced for Brown segregation of schools is inherently unequal |
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| black attorney that argued against segregated schools |
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| boy from north, unaware of southern rules killed at 14 |
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| of Little Rock Arkansas, he activated state's national guard to prevent integration of 9 black students at Little Rock High School (claimed for protection) |
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| National Association for the Advancement of Colored people. |
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| leader of India's bid of independence from Great Britain |
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Congress of Racial Equality
Leader: James Farmer Jr.
Purpose: travel to south to integrate bus terminals; Freedom Riders |
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commitee. Created to organize civil rights movement after sit in in Greensboro, North Carolina.
Led sit in movement. |
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| racist police chief w/ links to KKK in Birmingham, Alabama. |
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| African Americans return to Africa OR occupy an exclusive area within the US |
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| Attorney General- actively supported civil rights |
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| past and present far right hate groups in US that protect White Americans through violence and intimidation. |
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| murdered MLK April 4, 1968 |
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| unitarian minister that was a march volunteer that was beaten to death in 1965 |
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| Greensboro, North Carolina |
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Year: 1960
4 black students stage a lunch counter sit-in at Woolworth's and this led to mass movt. for Civil Rights |
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| John F. Kennedy and civil rights |
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election in Jan. 1960. campaigned for civil rights- African Americans helped get him elected.
-once in office, became cautious/sensitive over civil rights |
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"Mother of Civil Rights Mvt."
-refused to give up her seat for a white person
-moved by Emitt Till murder
-this event led to Montgomery Bus Boycott |
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(Aug. 20,1963)
-led by MLK
-Purpose: for jobs and freedom
-pressure Congress into passing a bill |
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President that passed Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1964
-realized that racism and discrimination wasn't a "moral" issue, southern issue, or northern, he saw it has an American issue. |
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(1964) save fed. govt. broad power to stop racial discrimination in
segregation of public places.
Due to: What was happening in Birmingham
-Medgar Evans assassination
-4 children killed in Birmingham church |
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Dem. Senator that tried to filibuster Civil Rights Act.
-longest in filibuster history |
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(1965) allowed govt. agents to inspect voting procedures ; ended literacy tests
Due to:
-March on Selma: "Bloody Sunday" |
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| pride in being African American |
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| Black Muslims(Nation of Islam) |
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most vocal black Muslim
-assassinated by 3 members of Nation of Islam on Feb. 21, 1965 after X softened his views on black separatism after his pilgrimage to Mecca |
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"Afro" haircuts and African inspired dashikis in place of shirts and ties
-rejection of Negro and colored(Black) |
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| Selma to Montgomery March |
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(1965) purpose: voting rights
one of the worst discrimination areas
Result: Lyndon B. Johnson proposes Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| head of Mississippi NAACP shot and killed due to what was happening in Birmingham |
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(1963)
-Project C: Confrontation
Children's crusade
Purpose: Expose the unequal treatment of African Americans |
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(1965) race riots as a result of
Problems in the North:
unemployment, poverty, and racial
discrimination
-Rebellion |
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(1965)civil rights protester shot by Alabama trooper
Result: Selma |
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(1955-1956)
What happened: Blacks boycotted city buses
-led by Montgomery Improvement Association: MlK
-Nonviolent passive resistance
-lasted 381-400 days
Result: Nov.13,1956
Supreme court rules bus segregation unconsitutional |
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference
-challenged segregation
-Held nonviolent values: Mohandas Gandhi |
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(1964)
Purpose: get as much black people to vote in Mississippi
Result: Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney killed |
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