7000 – 3000 BCE
first civilizations emerged here, plains between and around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (“land between two rivers”), few physical remains, harsh natural climate with stormy weather, flooding, and irregularity, land not protected by boundaries so many internal wars and invasions (therefore less peaceful), do not focus on the afterlife because of this attitude (i.e. “you are nothing but the wind”), god and natural world hostile try to make them less harsh them, focus on obedience to gods, parents, etc.  

Who: Hunter-gatherer societies

What: “New Stone Age”

When: c. 7,000 – 3,000 B.C.E.

Where: Fertile crescent

Significance: the Neolithic Age was the last half of the Stone Age, during which many human populations began farming in the “Neolithic Revolution.” Now able to produce a surplus, humans eventually developed civilizations with

• large community buildings (usually for religion)
• political systems
• production of textiles, pottery, and other crafts for local trading
• writing

It also led to social hierarchy, specialization of labor, advances in technology (plow, irrigation systems) and the domestication of animals. Women probably played a large role in farming, being used to handling plant foods, while men continued to hunt.

Form of writing developed around 3100 BCE most likely with influence from the Sumerians and their cuneiforms.   Contained around 700 characters divided into 3 groups: ideograms (signs indicating things or ideas) phonograms (denoting sounds), determinatives (signs that clarified the meaning of other signs).  Hieroglyphs were mainly used to inscribe messages on religious buildings.

Who: Egyptian state, founded by King Menes

What: unified Egyptian state under a monarchy

When: Ancient times, Bronze Age; 32nd BC- fell after unrest due to weak Nile flooding

Where: Nile River region, Egypt

Significance: 1st Egyptian state with strong central government, invented hieroglyphs, built trade, had expensive building programs (pyramids), produced wisdom literature

Who: Egypt reunited by leaders of Thebes in southern Egypt

What: Egyptian monarchy under pharoahs

When: Ancient Times/Bronze Age: 1569-1081 B.C.E. (Defeat of Hyksos by leaders of Thebes -- defeat by Hittites at battle of Kadesh)

Where: Nile River area as well as territory in Nubia, Sudan, Palestine, and Syria

Significance: built huge temples, fought expansionist wars, experimented with monotheism, fought and established diplomatic ties with Hittie Kingdom (Kadesh 1274, treaty 1259 B.C.E.)

Who: Mesopotamians, specifically scribes

What: a form of writing with wedge shaped marks representing syllables or whole words. Developed by Sumerians for accounting, and not widely used among common people. Eventually used for literature, mathematics, and foreign language.

When: The earliest form was developed c. 3000 BCE

Where: Mesopotamia

Significance: Allowed for the passing on of written stories and poetry, record-keeping

1300 BCE
Women in Egypt during Bronze Age– same status, could inherit property, attend rituals, this woman married King Tut (died approx. 19 yo), after he died she as foreigner wrote letter to Hittite King (superior) requesting to marry his son (Zannanza) because she cannot “take servant of her own,” trying to bring Egypt into his empire (she was clever!), significance is that educated women were not passive and are worthy of our study

A large city in the Fertile Crescent (in the kingdom of Assyria) located in present day Syria that developed through commerce.  The population was around 30,000 people. The economy was based on trade and export of goods made of raw materials including cloth and metals.  Agricultural products were also exported, evidence of this can be seen in large silos which could hold up to 18 million meals.  Exports included 12 types of grain, wines, and cooking oils. Through archeological discoveries of tablets written in several different languages suggests that Elba was a center for learning.  The knowledge of these different languages is most likely from all the trading that was done. Totally dependent on need for network of city states.

 * a lot of contact with different societies, supported large population, center for learning

Greek- (1400-1200 BCE). 

Mycenaean form (Greek)- we can translate their language easier. A combination of Sllyabics and ideograms (pictures). Written on leaves for record keeping, not literature. 

8^th century BCE

Symbols represent consonants AND vowels, origin of all alphabets used in the western world

750 BCE in Ancient Greece
blind epic poet from Ionia, mix of ideas (500 years span) from Mycenaean civilization, tales mostly originate from Trojan War c. 1200, “Dark Ages” (c. 750) contemporary time, characterizes Greek culture and traits, collective memory of Greek past & history inherited oral tradition

written in 8^th century BCE. two epic poems written by Homer. Represented half of all of the books written at that time-culture dominance. Represents the Greeks collective memory of their past- 500 years of history. Represented ideas of what it meant to be Greek. Homeric epic reflects mix of ideas from Mycenaean civilization-Bronze age, Dark ages, and contemporary time (8^th cent. BCE).

750 BCE in Greece (Homer)
Homer composed and recorded poems in his head, using epithets – descriptions added to nouns to fit the meter, formula – stock scenes repeated verbatim so that poet can rest and prepare the next scene
deduced by Milman Parry in 1930s, studied oral epic poetry and contemporary poets

8^th C BCE in Greek classics
epic poets called on muse for inspiration at beginning, inspired by the divine, required assistance and need gods to channel/speak through man, significant because of Greeks’ devotion to the gods

8th C BCE in Greece
heroes or characters presenting their “resume,” show prominence, family status, list accomplishments in war and politics, who you are/where you came from, boasting acceptable as long as it’s founded

1000-750 BCE in Greece
competitive value as leadership positions available after Dark Age as Mycenaeans disappeared
excellence – physical strength, intelligence, nobility, Greeks proving themselves as social elite
men – accomplishments in war and persuasiveness in speech
women –managing household, supervising children and slaves, caring for the sick, stores well kept

In Greece, 8^th century BCE. reference to the house and the household, but also with a sense of ‘family unit.’ Includes gynaikon-womens rooms in the back of the house, andron-male executive space- where head of household would hold meetings, symposiums.

Who: Nymph/witch/queen in Homer’s Odyssey; weaver like Athena, an apprentice of the goddess

What: turns Odysseus’ men into pigs with her wand

• Only Eurylochus sees trap and escapes
• Weaver like Athena, an apprentice of the goddess
• Hermes gives Odysseus herb that makes him impervious to Circe’s magic; tells him how to control her
• Circe shocked, offers herself to him in fear and awe (speaks of prophecy about Odysseus)
• Odysseys threatens her with sword and makes her turn his men back
• He sleeps with her; stays with her for a year
• Tells him about visiting underworld and Tiresias and how (offering blood)

Where: Aeaean island

Significance: illustrates Greek fear of the seductive powers of women and ability to “unman” them; warring over sexual power; Hermes—not Odysseus’ usual mentor Athena—helps him overcome Circe; Odysseus overcomes her by embodying traditional feminine traits: cunning and deceit

What: independent community of citizens inhabiting a city and the countryside around it; self-governing state

When: Archaic and Classical Greece (750- 338 B.C.E.)

Where: Greece and Greek colonies

Significance: very unique and radical concept of governance; created ideas of citizenship and freedom for one’s state; promoted idea of self-rule for citizens

the idea of a union of all Greeks in a single political body. Concept of all Greekness, own civic loyalty (foreigners are called barbarous). There was a sense of Panhellenic unity for the four Panhellenic games (Olympic Games, Nemean Games, Pythian Games, Isthmian Games), which were limited to male Greeks. Oracle at Delphi was an example of unity- people traveled from all over, guaranteed safe passage. During the Persian Wars (499-479 BCE), Greek city states formed the Hellenic League.

Who: One of the two major city-state powers of mainland Greece. Constant rival of Athens.

What: Greek city state. Known for militaristic way of life. Highest social values found in regimentation and obedience. Military readiness above personal concerns.

When:7th century BCE

Where: On the island of Peloponnese

Why: Formidable rivalry with Athens sparked many major wide-scale conflicts and international communications.

Significance: Militaristic city-state; foil to and enemy of Athens. Home of the Thirty Tyrants that ruled Athens. Formed Peloponnesian league to side against Athens’ Delian league. Instigated conflicts with Athens that led to communication with Persia which then led to exchange of Greek and Persian ideas and culture.

Who: Oracle at Delphi

What: People from Greece would travel from all over to hear the oracle's vague, general prophesies.

When: Classical/Golden Age

Where: Delphi (...)

Significance: An example of panhellenism, as it was common to all of Greece. Also, influence declarations of war, formations of alliances, etc.

Who: 31 Greek city-states; King Darius; Xerxes (486 -465 BCE)

What: • in 499 BCE Ionian Greek city-states rebelled against Persian tyrants; Athenians assist rebellion • Darius angered greatly, sent army to defeat Athens; defeated at Marathon • Xerxes’ invasion (480-479 BCE): 31 city-states—the Hellenic League—unite to fight Xerxes’ massive army; Sparta leader • Spartan battle of 300 men at Thermopylae • Themistoclesstarts naval battle in narrow channel where heavier Greek ships ram and beat Persian ships • Defeated forces at Plataea

When: end of 4th century B.C.E.

Where: pg. 53 in Hunt- southernmost city-states and Peloponnese

Significance: Greeks use knowledge of land and better technology to defeat Persian empire. Men of most social and economic classes fought, overriding hierarchy. Demonstrated desire for political freedom.

Who: Athens and Sparta

What: The conflict that ended the Golden Age. The war arose in part because of Pericles’ policies. His harsh measures against Delian League allies and massive public spending were two policies that caused intense controversy. Athenian actions against Corinth and Megara (crucial Spartan allies) sent relations with Sparta spiraling down. When Corinth told Sparta to attack Athens or they would switch sides, Sparta dropped an ultimatum: stop mistreating our allies. Pericles rejected it, and the thirty year peace was shattered.

When: 4th century BCE

Where: Greece

Why: Through Classical Greek history, Sparta and Greece competed for power, both subtly, through economic competition, or directly through warfare. The Peloponnesian War took place partially because Spartans feared that Athens would take control over their Peloponnesian League by use of the Delian naval forces. Pericles dangerous strategy of using the navy to raid enemy lands while avoiding confrontation with the Spartan infantry (even when they invaded and destroyed citizen property) might have worked but an epidemic struck Athens, eventually killing Pericles himself. This, combined with Spartan alliance with Persia, led to the defeat of the Athenians.

Significance: This war culminated the last days of the Greek Golden Age. However, the war left Athens in a shambles which eventually led to the first known amnesty in Western history, a truce forbidding any official charges or revenge for crimes committed during the rule of the Thirty Tyrants. The war brought the Golden Age full circle. Now, just as in the beginning, Athens feared the Spartan power and wondered if democracy could survive.

Who: lit. "Wise Men"; teachers of public speaking and clever arguments

When: Golden Age Greece, 4th century B.C.E.

Where: Greece, centered in Athens

Significance: Caused controversy by teaching untraditional concepts, upset traditionalists, people were afraid that they would allow rich pupils to deceive the populace and anger the gods with unorthodox teachings; taught rhetoric

Famous examples:

• Protagoras-formulated subjectivism
• Anaxagoras-said sun was a flaming rock
• Leucippus and Democritus-invented atomic theory

Who: Thrasymachus

What: A sophist character in Plato's Republic.

380 BCE
Plato’s sophist in Republic (he is an actual person), justice is that which is to the advantage of the stronger, significant in showing that lawmakers (wealthy white males) have a limited scope of interest
sophist-

"Justice is that which is to the advantage of the stronger."

For every type of government, there is more power for some, and the rules they make are declared to be just.

What: A magical artifact from Plato's Republic, book 2. It would make the wearer invisible

When: 3rd Century BCE

Where: From Plato's Republic

Significance: Plato investigates how humans would behave if they were not held accountable for their actions.

Who: Callicles

What: Sophist character in Plato's Gorgias who claimed that it was actually morally appropriate to define justice as that which was to the advantage of the stronger. He defined the stronger as a minority of the population, and believed that they were naturally more capable and "better" than the common people.

When: 5th century BC

Where: Classical Greece, In Plato's Gorgias

Significance: To communicate Plato's thoughts

444-357 BCE in Greece
soldier of fortune – asked Socrates for advice regarding Cyrus’s expedition against his older brother, deferred to oracle at Delphi and inquired to which god he should pray for to be successful and return w. good fortune, subsequently criticizes by Socrates

-Wrote apology of Socrates but did not make his look quite as good as Plato

-He was Exiled, so all his information was second hand

Literally translates to "lacking command over oneself," or the state of acting against one's better judgment.

Socrates states that this is illogical and does not exist, that a person never willingly chooses to act against his better judgment. Actions that go against "the best" are always a product of ignorance.

Aristotle claimed that akrasia did indeed exist, and arose as a product of opinion or appetite rather than reason.

384-322 in Greece
universe finite w. Earth at center (solid mass – all things fall to center), view received and accepted by contemporaries, became basic model to which future models attempt to conform
trusts senses, relies on observation
form cannot exists separate from body – duality
4 causes

Developed rigorous systems of logical argument in his scientific investigation of the natural world and established rules to tell the difference between a logically proven case and a merely persuasive onw. wanted explanations based n common sense rather than metaphysics. defined plato's theory of Forms. best way to understand things was to observe them in their natural habitat. Must find the mean between indulgences and rationality. writings made him one of the most influential philosophers of the Western century. Like Plato he was also controversial on his criticisms of democracy because it allowed uneducated people instead of better people to control government. Also questioned the theory of the being flat and the infiniteness of the universe.

428-347 BCE in Greece

ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, universe is not finite, always claimed something beyond, claimed heliocentricism was real and that there was no change in the appearance of the stars, as we got closer to them in the heliocentric model because they are just too far away to tell

Associate of Plato’s in the Academy. Offered a quantitative model of planetary motions known as four spheres per planet. Views known through Aristotle and Simplicious. He was a mathmetician and astronomer. There were many problems with his model so this lead to further studies in science. “Saving the Appearances” was not resolved by this model. problems with his theory: if mars is embedded on a sphere so thatit is always the same distance from the earth the change of brightness from Mars cannot be explained. Also the dimensions of retrograde motion differ, but in his model it is always the same.

90-168 AD

Alexandrian Greek, suggests that he was related to pre-Roman Ptolemaic rules of Egypt. Credited with summarizing and transmitting a rigidified Aristotelian view of the heavens and the earth’s place in the sphere. Work was influential for next 1500 years. Ptolemy compiled the work of predecessors into a single mathematical astronomy work, Syntaxis. Points out that if the earth were not at the center of the universe, the plane of the horizon would not bisect the stellar sphere.

275 BCE

Greek astronomer and mathematician, first to propose heliocentric hypothesis and the rotation of the earth with the sun at center of the universe. He also attempted to determine the size and distance of the sun and the moon.

4^{th Century BCE}

Believed by Plato that we need a mathematical model to “save the appearances” and explain leading to Plato’s forms. An example would be the mathematical model of Eudoxus’ four spheres with mars on the innermost, earth is the center, and each sphere rotates differently.

^{4th Century BCE}

^{Part of “saving the appearances”. Everyone believed there was a relationship between Mars and Earth.}

 ^{Mars appears to be moving with the Earth and then moves away from it then back towards it}

unexplainable phenomenon causing a necessity for further research

^{210 BCE}

^{Introduced this as an improvement over Eudoxus’s concentric spheres. Information about Apollonius we have is very sketchy and is largely from Ptolemy}

^{2snd Century AD}

^{is a mathematical concept developed by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to account for the observed motion of heavenly bodies}

Developed by Ptolemy to explain the observed motions of the heavenly bodies, specifically the fact that they appeared to speed up and slow down at different points in their orbits. He proposed that there existed an "equant point" from which the planet would appear to have uniform angular motion.

According to Aristotle this is the primary body of heaven which is is beyond four elements called aither.

-Beyond the four elements (filled the air)

-what was beyond the universe

- Aither is fire according to stoics

^{4th Century BCE}

^{-from Plato’s Republic Books 6-7}

^{Everyone is a prisoner in a cave; we have a faulty perception of reality, but don’t realize it.  Outside are the forms (that which is real).  The people inside think the shadows are real, but once outside you are temporary blinded by the transition to the light.  In this transition, things gradually become clearer to your eyes (truth becomes more clear).  One accustomed to the outside, you see things for what they really are.  Upon going back into the cave, another transition occurs where things are blurry.  You tell others about the outside, but are mocked.  The people inside learn that the shadows aren’t real, but can’t comprehend the forms.  It is better to know you are a prisoner in a cave that is not real than to think your outside in reality and believing that the shadows are real.}

^{4th Century BCE}

^{Plato argued that absolute virtues such as Goodness, Justice, Beauty, and Equality existed as metaphysical realities called Forms (or Ideas). Forms are invisible, invariable, and eternal entities located in the higher realm beyond daily world. Forms are only true reality and what we experience through senses in everyday life are only imperfect representations of flawless realities. Forms lead to metaphysics being the central issue for philosophers.}

^{400-30 BCE}

^{The Hellenistic Age was the world after the death of Alexander the Great.  It lasted until the death of Cleopatra VII, the last Macedonian queen of Egypt.  It was the spread of Hellenism (Greek culture and values).  It was more of an intermingling of Greek ideas with current cultural ideas of the conquered lands.  This brought the development of new philosophy and religions.  Some places embraced Hellenism while others had open arm revolt (Palestine).  Hellenism continued because it was adopted and mixed in with the culture of the Romans.}

^{-Expresses the idea that a mixed more international form of social and cultural life combing Hellenic (Greek) and local, Near Eastern traditions}

^{-Period of Plato and Aristotle, trial of Socrates}

^{-agriculture and trade generated the wealth of kingdoms}

^{-Hellenistic kingdoms fell to Romans}

^{-Culture: effects of royal wealth, ordinary people concentrating on private matters more than public life, and the increased interaction of diverse people}

^{-Art: sculptors showed human emotion}

^{-Philosophy: what was the best way to live?}

              ^{>Epicurean vs. Stoicism}

^{-Sciences: Aristarchus and earth revolves around center sun}

^{356-323 BCE}

^{– Philip II’s son, ruler of Macedonia from 336-323 BCE. In 334 BCE led Macedonia and Greek army against Darius III to avenge Greece (this had been a dream of his father’s) and conquered lands from Turkey to Egypt to Uzbekistan.  He had a complete disregard for his safety in battle and would lead many charges against the enemy’s front lines on horseback.  He gave his personal fortune to supply his army, cut the Gordian knot with his sword (oracle promised that whoever cut the knot could have all of Asia), was a genius with military technology which made his enemies more ready to make a deal, and marched through India until troop mutinied because of monsoons.  After returning form India he treated the Greeks more harshly and even demanded to be called a god.  While he planned on conquering Arabia and North Africa, he died too soon from fever in 323 BCE.  Significance: He was very famous and a marvel to the ancient world. He was included in many folktales. His explorations benefited science because he took writers to collect and catalogue data wherever he went. His new cities promoted trade in valuable goods and brought Greece and the Near East into close cultural contact.}

^{-Alexander came to the throne in 336 B.C.E. after the assassination of his father (King Philip of Macedonia); Alexander was 20 years old. During his conquests, he was extremely benevolent toward cooperative states, but was ruthless toward those who rebelled, executing the men and selling women and children into slavery.}

^{Alexander was a student of Aristotle.}

^{-Invasion of Persian Empire:}

• ^{Until this time, the Persian Empire was the biggest empire to exist}
• ^{Alexander always led his men into battle, putting himself in the most desperate place of the battle}
• ^{After three main battles, during which Alexander won decisive victories, he led his troops from city to city, demanding submission}
• ^{The Persian Emperor Darius was assassinated by his own people; Alexander captured his son and queen, but was chivalrous toward them}
• ^{When Alexander conquered Egypt, he said that he discovered he was a god}

^-Death:

• ^{He conquered all of the Persian Empire, all the way to the Indus Valley, and desired to keep going until the "end of the world."}
• ^{His men, however, mutinied after 70 days of Monsoon rains. (Spring of 326 B.C.E)}
• ^{Alexander died in Mesopotamia of a fever (323 B.C.E.)}

^{-Significance:}

• ^{Stimulated the economy}
• ^{Spread Greek culture}
• ^{Fostered a more universalist outlook than others of his time}

^{Hellenistic 306-30 BCE Alexander’s successors to Cleopatra VII}

^{Assembled the world’s most intellectually distinguished court by turning Alexandria into the Mediterranean’s leading center of the arts. First scholarly research center: produced encyclopedias.}

^{For more than 350 years the Ptolemies ruled Egypt. Following the general was his son Ptolemy Philadelpus who made the library the best in the world. The books made of papyrus were in Greek or Latin. The Ptolemies were the final dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, and their progenitor was a Greek by birth. The Ptolemies based the capital of their Egypt in Alexandria, a newly constructed port on the Mediterranean Sea. Ptolemy I achieved the rule of Egypt as one of Alexander the Great's generals. When Alexander (323-282 BC) died without heirs, his generals divided all of Alexander's territory among themselves.}

^{Ruler Cults: Hellenistic}

^{Approach in seeking protection from the unpredictable gods, was to pray for salvation from a king regarded as a god. Various populations established these ruler cults to honor royal benefactors. It can be a means of expressing spontaneous gratitude and desire to flatter the rulers for favors. Many cities in Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms created ruler cults for kings and queens. This shows the Hellenistic rulers’ tremendous power and wealth giving the the status of the gods to the ordinary people. Influential later in Roman imperial religion and Christianity the idea that a human being could be a god, present on earth to be a “savior” delivering people from evils.}

              ^{-Ex: Antiochus III of the Seleucid Dynasty}

331 BCE

Founded by Alexander on the Jaxartes River, the most important Hellenistic city. Jewish community eventually became an influential minority here. Mediterranean leading center of the arts where the first scholary research center was founded.

^{4th Centruy BCE}

^{Most popular female divinity in the Mediterranean involved extensive rituals and festivals mixing features of Egyptian and Greek religion. Followers of Isis hoped, in return for a virtuous life, to gain the goddess’s help against the demonic influence of Chance, and for a happier fate after death. This is the best evidence of the cultural cross between Egyptians and Greeks because Isis is an Egyptian deity and had enormous popularity with the Greeks.}

Who: mythical Trojan warrior who, after surviving the fall of Troy and a long journey with many trials, founded the Roman race in Virgil's The Aeneid

When: post-Trojan War (the poem was written during the reign of Augustus)

Where: Troy, wandering the Mediterranean region, Carthage, Latium/Italy....real: found in Virgil's The Aeneid

Significance: was considered legendary founder of Roman people; provided example of ideal Roman and a representation of Roman values (ex: pietas)

^{753 BCE}

^{(same time as invention of the alphabet and Homer’s poems in Greece)}

^{Founder of Rome, legend known as “Rape of the Sabine Women” is how he kidnapped neighboring Sabine women in order to have wives and children so Rome could flourish.}

^{215-148 BCE}

^{Rome conquers Greece}influence of Greek Literature, Philosophy, Art

^{First Macedonian War, 215-205 BCE: Philip V of Macedonia allied with Hannibal during 2nd Punic War.}

^{Second Macedonian War, 199-196 BCE: Philip V attacked Greek neighbors. Rome engineered a powerful system of alliances in the area.}

^{Third and Fourth Macedonian Wars (171-167 BCE, 149-148 BCE) : Last war, Rome divided Macedonia into four provinces}

^{146 BCE}

^{Third Punic War broke out when the Carthaginians who had finally revived financially, struck back against African neighbor and Roman ally. After defeating Carthage for the third time, Romans decided to destroy it. This leads to Rome governing and profiting from 2/3 of the Mediterranean region.}

^{After First Punic War 241 BCE}

^{Greece inspired the earliest literature in Latin: an adoption of Homer’s Odyssey written this by a Greek ex-slave. Livius was not a native Roman, origins reveal the mixing cultures under the republic}

^{3rd Century BCE}

^{Roman belief that art should depict people as they appear, old men as old men. This was different than Greek idealized cultural form and the Romans didn’t like nudity. Roman sculptures of specific men did not conceal unflattering features, and women were more idealized to represent traditional vision of a happy marriage..Shows the toll of age and effort and emphasize how hard the men had worked to serve “the people’s matter” = republic.}

^{753 BCE}

^{When founded Rome was very small and without enough women to bear children to increase population and defend community in war so Romulus makes a plan and it is referred to as the Legend of the Sabine Women from whom Romulus, founder of Rome, sent kidnappers and they immediately married the women, persuading them of their good intentions by promising to cherish them as beloved wives and new citizens. When the Sabine men came to fight Rome the woman ran out into battle to stop the slaughter and the men made peace to unite their populations under Roman rule}

212 AD

decreed by Caracalla stating that all free inhabitants of the empire were granted citizenship

good works, doing good works for your city or community, the idea is to give public works to the city for the public to enjoy which the public will then dedicate something to the giver or celebrate in their honor.

-How politicians advance themselves

^{Rome Cult}

^{Roman shrine of Vesta, goddesses of hearth and a protector of the family who housed the official eternal flame of Rome which guaranteed the state’s permanent existence. Vestal Virgin’s were 6 unmarried women who were sworn to chastity for 30 years to tend to shrine. This symbolized Roman family values for priestesses earned high status and freedom from their father’s control. If the flame went out one of the women had broken vow of chastity and Vestal had to be buried alive as punishment. It was a sign that Rome would fall.}

^{“Power of a Father”}

^{Law possessed by father over his children of any age and slaves. Power gave him legal ownership of all property acquired, and legal power over life and death. Emphasis in Roman values on shared decision making. Each Roman man had “council” whom he referred to in making important decisions. Did not allow husband to control his wife because “free” marriages, because wife still remained under her father’s rule. This shows the values and the ownership of property in Roman families, for men and women shared duty of teaching values to their children.}

^{2nd Century BCE}

^{Roman aristocrat, won fame after her husband died by refusing an offer of marriage from Ptolemaic king of Egypt so she could instead oversee the family estate and educate her surviving daughter and two sons, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus who grew up to be among the most influential and controversial officials of late republic. She was very modest and only married once and was devoted to her children.}

^{215-195 BCE (Lex Oppia)}

^{Roman laws during the Punic Wars for the restriction of jewels and rich clothing to go back to ways of the ancestors, but there was a repeal in 195 BCE because wanted to show social status.}

Significant because they were drifting from the "ways of the ancestors"

Who: Roman military commander and politician, part of First Triumvirate, defeated his rival Pompey and became dictator in 44 B.C.E., assassinated same year

When: 100-44 B.C.E.

Where: Roman Republic

Significance: due to his and his rivals' wars, the Republic's government collapsed, his death triggered the civil war that led to the death of the Republic and birth of Roman Empire