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| 55% of blood, composed of about 92% water |
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| erythrocytes: biconcave disks that transmit oxygen |
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| protein produced with iron that assists in oxygen transport |
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| any disorder that affects ability to transmit oxygen |
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| leukocytes: less than 1% of blood. major defense cells, protect body from infection |
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| a granulocyte (white blood cell with granules in cytoplasm) that eats bacteria and produces substances to kill bacteria. 60-70% of white blood cells. |
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| a granulocyte (white blood cell with granules in cytoplasm) that destroys parasites and eats allergens. 2-4% of white blood cells. |
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| a granulocyte (white blood cell with granules in cytoplasm) that triggers the inflammatory response, which increases blood flow to wound, slows clotting, and helps fight infections. <1% of white blood cells. |
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| a large agranulocyte (white blood cell without granules in cytoplasm) which develops into a macrophage, the white blood cells that eat and digest anything that shouldn't be there. 3-8% of white blood cells. |
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| an agranulocyte (white blood cell without granules in cytoplasm) that secretes antibodies and triggers the immune response. 25-33% of white blood cells. includes T cells, B cells and NK cells. |
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| right atrium (from vena cava), right AV valve (tricuspid valve), right ventricle, pulmonary (semilunar) valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left AV valve (mitral valve), left ventricle (then to systemic circuit through aortic valve) |
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| (from left ventricle, through aortic (semilunar) valve), aorta, elastic (conducting) arteries, muscular (distributing) arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins (one-way valves), superior or inferior vena cava (to the right atrium) |
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| also the visceral pericardium. surface of the heart, directly outside of the myocardium |
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| muscular portion of the heart |
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| thin lining of the inside of the heart |
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| large vein that collects oxygen-poor blood from the myocardium of the heart and delivers it to the right atrium |
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| thin sheet that forms between right & left atria after a fetus is born (to cover the foramen ovale) |
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| muscles that attach to cups of the AV vales via the chordae tendinae to prevent inversion or prolapse of the valves. |
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| cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the AV valves. |
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| impulse-generating tissue located in the right atrium of the heart |
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| muscle that is striated, uninuclear, and have intercalated discs |
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| identifying feature of cardiac muscle. connections between cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) that include desmosomes and gap junctions. |
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| parasympathetic innervation of the heart is controlled by the vagus nerve, which connects with the sinoatrial node to slow heart rate. signals for the parasympathetic control come from the medulla oblongata. |
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| placenta, umbilical vein, inferior vena cava OR (liver > portal vein), right atrium, foramen ovale, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body |
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| tunica externa (adventitia) |
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| exterior layer of blood vessel, made of mostly collagen and supported by external elastic lamina. |
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| middle layer of blood vessel, made of smooth muscle and elastic tissue. |
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| fine, elastic inner layer of blood vessel, composed of a single layer of endothelial cells |
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| elastic (conducting) arteries |
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| large arteries made of collagen and elastin, including the pulmonary arteries and the aorta and its branches. the elasticity helps maintain blood pressure. |
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| muscular (distributing) arteries |
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Definition
| smaller arteries that draw from elastic arteries. made up of layers of smooth muscle, with clearly defined internal elastic lamina |
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| smallest arteries that connect the larger vessels to capillaries. made of smooth muscle, they are the primary source of vascular resistance, which reduces pressure for gas and nutrient exchange |
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| interweaving networks of capillaries that supplies an organ with blood |
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| a type of capillary that have an uninterrupted lining, allowing for only small molecules like water and ions to diffuse. found in skeletal muscle, skin, and the central nervous system |
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| smallest type of blood vessel that enables exchange of oxygen and nutrients |
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| type of capillary that has pores in the endothelial lining that allows molecules and protein to diffuse. found in endocrine glands, intestines, pancreas, glomeruli of kidneys |
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| type of capillary that has the largest pores which allow red and white blood cells and proteins to diffuse. found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands |
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| smallest type of vein, which returns blood from capillary beds. has thinner walls than arterioles, and are extremely porous. |
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| vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart, and employ one-way valves and the skeletal muscle pump to keep bloodflow moving towards the heart. |
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| section of aorta between the heart and the aortic arch |
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| peak of the aorta shaped like an inverted u. |
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| splits into the thoracic aorta (above diaphragm) and abdominal aorta (below diaphragm). |
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| blood vessel in abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver. |
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| thin walled, valved structure that carries lymph. |
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| plasma and other materials that are drained from the tissues by lymph vessels |
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| a small organ that is packed with lymphocytes and macrophages, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. |
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| first line of defense against ingested foreign particles. |
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| an organ that acts primarily as a blood filter, removing old red blood cells and holding a reserve of RBC and lymphocytes while also recycling iron. |
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| a specialized organ of the lymphatic system that matures and "educates" T cells |
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| the flexible tissue inside of bones that produces new blood cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells (especially lymphocytes). |
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| the body's first line of defense, including skin and macrophages |
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| a substance that evokes the production of antibodies. |
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| T cells that directly attack other cells carrying foreign or abnormal molecules via antigen presentation. |
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| cells that assist other white blood cells, including activation and maturation of B cells |
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| cells that suppress the immune response when all antigens have been killed. |
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| antigen-specific (pre-programmed) cells that are activated by lymphocytes. sometimes called antigen-experienced because of previos encounters with their specific antigen. |
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| large y-shaped protein produced by B cells used to identify and neutralize foreign objects. |
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| large cells that are activated by helper T cells and produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. |
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| formed from activated B cells, these cells are long-living cells that stick around in case of a later exposure. |
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| cells similar to cytotoxic T cells, but allow for faster immune response due to an ability to recognized stressed cells in the absence of antibodies. |
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| immunity mediated by secretion of antibodies produced by B cells |
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| immunity involving activation of macrophages, NK cells, and cytotoxic T cells |
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