Term
| Which chamber of the heart recieves venous blood from the body |
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Definition
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Term
| Which veins are the only ones to carry oxygenated blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Most arteries are paired with what exceptions |
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Definition
| Aorta, Celiac, Superior and Inferior Mesenteric |
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Term
| What chamber of the heart has the thickest tunica media |
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Definition
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Term
| What arteries supply the heart? When does blood flow to the heart: contraction or relaxation? |
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Definition
Right and Left Coronary arteries which come off the aorta.
Blood flows to heart muscle when its relaxing |
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Term
| What is the blood flow through the heart |
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Definition
| Body-->Vena Cava-->Right atrium-->Tricuspid Valve-->Right Ventricle-->Pulmonary Valve-->Pulmonary artery-->lungs-->Pulmonary veins-->left atrium-->Mitral valve-->left ventricle-->Aortic valve-->aorta-->body |
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Term
Systole is ____ of the ___
Diastole is ___ of the ___ |
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Definition
contraction of the ventricles
relaxation of the ventricles (if you relax too much you'll dia) |
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Term
What causes the first heart sound (lub)?
The second heart sound (dub) |
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Definition
Lub - Tricuspid Mitral (Try My)
Dub - Aortic Pulmonary (Apple Pie) |
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Term
What causes QT on EKG?
TR?
P
QRS?
T?
PR
QT?
Which wave gets shorter with increased heart rate |
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Definition
QT -- Systole
TR -- Diastole
P - Atrial depolarization
QRS -- Ventricular Depolarization
T -- Ventricular repolarization
PR - atrial depolarization -->ventricular depolarization = blood going from atrium to ventricles
QT = systole cycle, gets shorter with increased heart rate |
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Term
| What are the four mechanical steps |
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Definition
1. Isovolumic Contraction
2. Ventricular (Systolic) Ejection
3. Isovolumic Relaxation
4. Ventricular Filling |
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Term
| What is a possible cause of the S3 heart sound? S4? |
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Definition
S3 - CHF
S4- Hypertrophic Ventricle |
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Term
| Which has the rapid spread through the ventricles? AV node or His Purkinje fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| What is considered the pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
| AV node -- it self generates action potentials to spread to the other cells |
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Term
| What occurs when the timing or path of electrical depolarization in the heart is altered from abnormal stimuli of cardiac action potentials or when abnormal conduction pathways are present |
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Definition
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Term
| Which channels cause depolarization in Phase 0 in the fast ventricular action potentials vs. slow pacemaker action potentials? |
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Definition
Phase 0 depolarization caused by Na in ventricular
Caused by Ca channels in pacemaker AP |
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Term
| Which channels are faster? Na channels or L gated Ca channels |
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Definition
| Na channels, Ca channels are slow |
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Term
| What determines the heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 factors determine blood flow through a vessel |
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Definition
1. resistance of blood flow thru the vessel
2. Pressure differences @ beginning and end of vessel |
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Term
| Where is the resistance to blood flow the highest? Where is the steepest drop in presssure |
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Definition
| arterioles, thi sis due to the small diameter, larger diameter = less resistance. The reason capillaries are not a higher resistance is due to how many are in parallel, this decreases their resistance |
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Term
| Rate of blood flow is what proportion to the radius? to the vessel length and viscosity? |
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Definition
Rate of flow DIRECTLY prop to fourth power of the radius of the vessel
INVERSELY proportional to vessel length and viscosity |
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Term
| What causes blood to be "noisy" What causes these noises: Murmurs, Bruit, Korotokoff? |
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Definition
Turbulance causes blood to be noisy
Murmurs - from valves ex. reguritation
Bruit -- Arteries (stenosis/shunt)
Korotkoff -- tells BP in arteries, an indirect measures of BP, which we listen to with stethoscope |
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Term
| What is the equation for blood flow |
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Definition
| Flow = change in pressure/resistance |
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Term
| What is the total peripheral resistance? What can decrease the total peripheral resistance? |
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Definition
| The sum of all the vascular resistance within the systemic circulation. Vasodilation can decrease. |
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Term
| What determines the colloid osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| Plasma protein albumin #1 |
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Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| fluid pressure generated from the heart |
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Term
Which ANS is responsible for the baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses?
What can these baroreceptors effect?
What nerves are utilized?
What portion of the brain does it go to? |
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Definition
Sympathetic system is responsible for baroreceptors
they can effect HR and total peripheral resistance
Signal are via Vagus (aortic) and glossopharygeal (Carorid) --
Send to the medulla oblangata |
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Term
| What are three chemical mediators that can raise blood pressure |
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Definition
ADH -- comes from post pituitary by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Angiotensin II -- most potent constrictor in body
Aldosterone -- released by adrenal cortex |
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Term
| What is the ejection fractio |
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Definition
the amt of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat
Stroke Volume/End Diastolic Volume |
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Term
| What is the stroke volume |
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Definition
| the difference between the end diastolic volume and and end systolic volume. The end diastolic volume is the blood in a ventricle BEFORE it contracts where the end systolic volume is the amount left AFTER it contracts |
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Term
| What is a normal value for ejection fraction? What if the fraction is less than this? |
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Definition
Normal EF = >50%
If it is less than this, pt has had heart damage from HA or CHF |
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Term
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Definition
| Amut of blood per min/pulse |
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Term
| What is the equation for cardiac output |
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Definition
| CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate |
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Term
| What is the Cardiac Output and what is the normal value? |
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Definition
| Cardiac output is the amt of blood ejected from the heart per unit of time. Normal value = 5 L/min |
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Term
| What three factors can affect Stroke volume |
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Definition
1. Contractility
2. Afterload - diastolic arterial pressure = peripheral resistance
3. Preload - ventricular end diastolic volume
Increases: Increase in Preload and Contractility
DECREASE in afterload |
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Term
What increases stroke volume and contractility?
What decreases them? |
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Definition
Increases: increased INTRAcellular Ca, decreased Extracellular Na, digitalis (b/c increases intracellular Na), and sympathetic stimulation
Decrease: Heart failure, loss of heart cells due to infarction, acidosis, hypoxia |
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Term
| What kind of cells does the Epidermis have? What term is used for the portion of epidermis that dips into the dermis for increased surface area and support to avoid shearing |
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Definition
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Papillae |
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Term
| Which layer of the skin is only present in thick skin |
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Definition
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Term
| What layer of the skin does squamous cell carcinoma originate? Basal cell carcinoma? |
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Definition
Squamous cell - stratum spinosum
Basal cell - stratum basal |
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Term
| Tanning causes an increase in the number of ____ vs. Malignant melanoma which causes an increase in the number of ___ |
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Definition
| tanning increases the number of melanosomes and malignant melanoma increases the number of melanocytes |
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Term
| What is the most common intraocular cancer in the eye |
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Definition
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Term
A primary malignant melanoma (starting in eye) will metastasize to what location first(commonly)
A secondary cancer to the eye is most likely to come from what location from men? from women? |
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Definition
Malignant melanoma
Metastasize to liver first
Men - come from lungs Women-- from breast |
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Term
| A sebaceous gland carcimona can mimic what ocular condition and originates where? |
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Definition
Looks like chalazion
Originates in sebaceous glands |
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Term
| Ocular and oculocutaneous albinism are both a result of deficiency of what enzyme |
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Definition
| tyrosinase which coverts tyrosine to melanin |
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Term
| In what layer of the skin are sensory nerve endings located |
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Definition
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Term
| Which open ended receptors mediate touch? pain? |
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Definition
Touch -- Ruffini Endings/ Merkel discs
Pain -- Nocioceptors |
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Term
| Encapsulated nerve endings include what? And mediate what sensations? |
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Definition
Pacinian corpuscles
Touch and pressure |
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Term
| Which histological layer of the heart contains autonomic nerve endings |
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Definition
| Epicardium, simple squamous epithelium over CT |
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Term
| All blood vessels in the body are lined with simple squamous epithelium with what exception |
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Definition
| Blood vessels in lymph nodes -- cuboidal |
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Term
| What is the thickest layer in arteries, thin in veins and nonexsistent in capillaries |
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Definition
| Tunica Media, has Type III collagen and elastic fibers |
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Term
| What is the name of the network of blood vessels in the adventitia that supply the outer vessel layers? They are usually the first ones affected by diabetes |
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Definition
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