Term
| Systolic BP determined by |
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Definition
| SV- increase SV --> increase systolic BP |
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Term
| Diastolic BP determined by |
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Definition
| TPR- decrease TPR-->decrease diastolic BP |
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Term
| Describe the Valsalva maneuver |
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Definition
Take large breath and attempt to exhale forcibly for at least 10 seconds with glottis closed
-Defecation
-Child birth
-Heavy lifting
Diagnostic tool to assess cardiovascular functions such as:
-Baroreceptor reflex
-MAP
-Cardiac output
In heart failure patients a valsalva maneuver can be fatal
-Compromised heart can lead to ischemia and MI
Causes increased aortic pressure and HR |
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Term
| Name 3 types of shock and its associated component |
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Definition
Cardiogenic- heart- pump
Anaphalactic- vasculate tone- pipes
Hypovolemic- blood volume- fuel |
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Term
| Causes for hypovolemic shock |
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Definition
Drop in blood volume:
-Hemorrhage
-Dehydration
-Diarrhea or vomiting
-Burns |
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Term
| Name three stages of shock |
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Definition
Compensated
Decompensated
Irreversible |
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Term
| Describe compensated shock |
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Definition
-10-20% blood volume loss
-Reflex compensation can restore MAP to normal and maintain adequate vital organ perfusion and oxygenation
Normalization of BP due to:
-Increased HR
-Increased contractility
-Increased vascular resistance
-Increased venous compliance
Fluids must be administered or ingested
BP may be normal, but CO may remain depressed due to reduced SV
- |
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Term
| Describe decompensated shock |
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Definition
Compensatory mechanisms cannot increase further
-Body suddenly decompensates
-Metabolic demands not met, cellular ischemia results, release of vasoactive mediators:
^Hypotension and dyspnea (SOB)
^Acidosis
^Cool, pale skin
^Mental confusion |
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Term
|
Definition
Decompensated shock continues, or blood loss > 20%
-No more NE/Epi
-System failure: circulatory, endocrine, CNS
Organ damage and death |
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Term
|
Definition
Heart failure- inability of ventricles to pump blood at sufficient volume, usually due to impaired cardiac function (i.e. MI)
L heart failure vs. R heart failure
Systolic dysfunction vs. diastolic dysfunction |
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Term
| Describe left sided heart failure |
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Definition
Due to failure of left ventricle (aortic stenosis)
-Increased pulmonary volume (back up into P. vein)
-Increased pulmonary capillary Pc (hydrostatic pressure)
-Pulmonary edema (sounds like crackles, looks like snow on x-ray)
-Decreased CO
-Right heart failure |
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Term
| Describe right sided heart failure |
|
Definition
Failure of R. Ventricle
Leads to
-Decreased pulmonary volume
-Decreased pulmonary volume
-Decreased left heart volumes
-Decreased CO
-Increased systemic capillary Pc
-Peripheral edema
-Elevated jugular pulse |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe systolic dysfunction |
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Definition
Reduced ability to contract or eject blood
Reduced contractility due to MI
Increased afterload:
-Chronic aortic/pulmonic valve stenosis
-Uncontrolled hypertension |
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Term
|
Definition
Reduced ventricular compliance (concentric hypertrophy)
-Chronic aortic/pulmonic valve stenosis
-Chronic hypertension
Reduced preload:
-Tricuspid/Mitral valve stenosis |
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Term
| Normal and cardiogenic shock indications based on cardiac index |
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Definition
Cardiac index=CO/Body Surface Area (BSA)
Normal- 2.6-42L/min/meter
Cardiogenic shock/heart failure- 1.8L/min |
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