Term
|
Definition
| German reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and an influential designer of educational systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A revolt that took place in Europe during 1524–1525; began as a petition made to the Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of some German peasants in 1524. The petition was called Twelve Articles which sought relief from some of the particular oppressions that the German peasants were facing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1490–1527) A monk who left the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation to become one of the early leaders of the Anabaptist movement. He was particularly influential for his role in developing the Schleitheim Confession. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) A leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. He helped build a favorable case for Henry's divorce from Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the separation of the English Church from union with the Holy See. Along with Thomas Cromwell, he supported the principle of Royal Supremacy, in which the king was considered sovereign over the Church within his realm. He was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal and liturgical structures of the reformed Church of England. When Edward came to the throne, Cranmer was able to promote major reforms. He wrote and compiled the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, a complete liturgy for the English Church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (4 October 1542 – 17 September 1621) An Italian Jesuit and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was one of the most important cardinals of the Catholic Reformation. Worked hard to suppress the Reformation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· The two peace treaties of Osnabrück (15 May 1648) and Münster (24 October 1648) that ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France, Sweden, the Dutch Republic and their allies, the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and sovereigns of the Free imperial cities.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· The name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, on 3 November 1640,[1] following the Bishops' Wars. It sat from 1640 until 1649, when it was purged, by the New Model Army, of those who were not sympathetic to the Army's concerns.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Act of Supremacy November 1534 (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England under King Henry VIII declaring that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England' and that the English crown shall enjoy "all honours, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity." |
|
|
Term
| The Act of Uniformity (1549) |
|
Definition
| It established The Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in England. Before 1549, the churches of England continued to use a slightly altered version of the Latin-language Missal. The Book of Common Prayer was far from just an English-language translation of the Latin liturgical books; it was largely a new creation which in its text and its ceremonial directions reflected various Lutheran doctrinal influences. Many puritans felt this to be too Catholic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653–1659 during which the Commonwealth of England was governed by a Lord Protector after King Henry VIII had been removed and executed. The Protectorate was Oliver Cromwell and English Puritanism flourished the most during this time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Father of Deism, everything must be universal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (July 1624 – 13 January 1691) An English Dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· (1705–1787) A minister of the First Church (Congregational) of Boston 1727–1787, the primary Old-Light (liberal) opponent of Jonathan Edwards and the New Light ministers of the Great Awakening, and a precursor of Unitarianism.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (August 20, 1745 – March 31, 1816) In 1784 John Wesley named Asbury and Thomas Coke as co-superintendents of the work in America. This marks the beginning of the "Methodist Episcopal Church of the USA". For the next thirty-two years, Asbury led all the Methodists in America. Like Wesley, Asbury preached in all sorts of places. Under his direction, the church grew from 1,200 to 214,000 members and 700 ordained preachers. Among the men he ordained was Richard Allen in Philadelphia, the first black minister in the United States. When the American War of Independence broke out in 1776, he was the only Methodist minister to remain in America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote Origin of Species (1859) Englishman who sailed on the MS Beagle to the Galapagos islands where he formulated the idea of natural selection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles Darwin’s famous work that introduced natural selection and evolution and was one of the polarizing issues that led to the fundamentalist movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (born Dec. 27, 1797, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. died June 19, 1878, Princeton, N.J.) was the principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878. He is considered to be one of the greatest exponents and defenders of historical Calvinism in America during the 19th century. |
|
|
Term
| A Plain Account of Christian Perfection |
|
Definition
| By John Wesley, a book containing the Christian doctrine which holds that the soul of the born-again Christian may attain a high degree of virtue and holiness and become entirely sanctified with the help of divine grace of Jesus. |
|
|
Term
| World Council of Churches |
|
Definition
| An international Christian ecumenical organization. Based in Geneva, Switzerland. After the initial successes of the Ecumenical Movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910, church leaders agreed in 1937 to establish a World Council of Churches, based on a merger of the Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement organizations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the pope. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the Papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at theFifth Lateran Council, 1512-17. The final gesture however, the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prince of humanists” was more important than orthodoxy, sought a reformation of customs. Luther’s primary theological opponent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money, he confrontedindulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his The Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther protested against what he considered clerical abuses, especially in regard to indulgences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of the Swiss Reformation, and founder of the Swiss Reformed Churches. Independent from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived at similar conclusions in his own personal study of the Scriptures. Zwingli is perhaps best known today for his teaching that the Lord's Supper is purely symbolic, as opposed to theTransubstantiation view of Roman Catholicism or the Consubstantiation view adopted by Luther -- there was great animosity between Martin Luther and he on this issue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Christians of the Radical Reformation who rejected the teachings of both the Roman Catholic Church and the church reformers during the Protestant Reformation. They were therefore denounced and persecuted by both. The term Anabaptist literally means to "re-baptize."
Anabaptists were known not only for their rejection of infant baptism, which gave them their name, but for their pacifism, and denial of the visible/invisible church distinction. Groups such as the Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites are considered decendants of the early Anabaptists.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dutch Anabaptist for whom the Mennonites are named. Originally a priest, he left the Catholic church when his Bible study convinced him of believer's baptism. |
|
|
Term
| Institutes of the Christian Religion |
|
Definition
| thorough systematic theology comprising four books (or "volumes") and dealt with more doctrines of the Christian faith written by John Calvin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location of Calvin’s leave from Geneva, from 1538-1541. He returned to Geneva in 1541. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempted to solve a dispute betweenMartin Luther and Huldrych Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper Although the two prominent reformers, Luther and Zwingli, found a consensus on fourteen points, they kept differing on the last one pertaining to the Eucharist: Luther maintained that bySacramental Union, the consecrated bread and wine in the Lord's Supper were united to the true body and blood of Christ for all communicants to eat and drink; whereas, Zwingli considered bread and wine only symbols of the body and blood of Christ. On this issue they parted without having reached an agreement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established in 1563 and are the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the English Reformation; especially in the relation of Calvinist doctrine and Roman Catholic practices to the nascent Anglican doctrine of the evolving English Church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Reformed confession of faith in the Calvinist theological tradition. Although drawn up by the 1646 Westminster Assembly, largely of the Church of England, it became the 'subordinate standard' of doctrine in the Church of Scotland and has been influential within Presbyterian churches worldwide. With selected changes it has also been adopted by some Congregationalists and was the basis for the 1689 London Baptist Confession. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a minister in the Church of England and one of the leaders of the Methodist movement. He was famous for his preaching in America which was a significant part of the Great Awakening movement of Christian revivals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Puritan theologian, pastor, and devout Calvinist and was the most significant American churchman of the 18th century. Said to be one of America's greatest preachers, he was a leading figure in the (first) Great Awakening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Presbyterian and Congregationalist figure in the Second Great Awakening. His influence during this period was enough that he has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.[1] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Anglo-Irish evangelist, and an influential figure among the original Plymouth Brethren. He is considered to be the father of modern Dispensationalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an English Baptist missionary and a Reformed Baptist minister, known as the "father of modern missions."[1] Carey was one of the founders of the Baptist Missionary Society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a Baptist missionary from the United States who labored for almost forty years inBurma. At the age of 25, Adoniram Judson[1] was the first Protestant missionary sent from North America[2] to preach in Burma. His mission and work led to the formation of the first Baptist association in America, inspired many Americans to become or support missionaries,
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Czech pastor who was an early reformer and was burned at the stake for his opposition to the Catholic Church. Was a major influence on latter reformers particularly Martin Luther.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman Catholic missionary who was the co-founder of the Society of Jesus. He was a student of Saint Ignatius Loyola and one of the first Jesuits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. the philosophical and religious belief that God created the world but no longer intervenes with creation. Typically view God as “Supreme Architect” and often demonstrated using reason alone.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. French enlightenment writer who wrote a many poem, novels and essays. He was a major promoter of social reform and his writing had influence on the American and French Revolutions.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. German Lutheran mystic and theologian. He reacted against cold dogma and empty liturgy. Praised the freedom of the spirit and the inner life.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Swedish scientist, philosopher, mystic and theologian. Has a career as a scientist then started having dreams and visions. Denied the trinity and claimed he could freely visit heaven and hell and talk to angles and demons
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| known as the “Father of Pietism.” Was a German Lutheran pastor who wanted to bring the church to a heartfelt religion. He was a prolific writer and influenced many latter Pietist movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German Lutheran pastor and friend of Spener and also very involved in the Pietist movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German Pietist who allowed the Moravians to settle on his land. He was fundamental in the formation of the Moravian community at Herrnhut and became a bishop in the Moravian church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This was the land Zinzendorf gave to the Moravians to settle. The Moravians felt a large movement of the spirit here and sent out missionaries from here to all over the globe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| African American pastor in Philadelphia. He founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church which is the first independent black denomination in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German theologian who attempted to reconcile Enlightenment philosophy and Protestant orthodoxy. He is know as the “father of classic liberalism” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Danish theologian who reacted against Schleiermacher and Hegel. He believed in faith over reason and upheld orthodoxy against enlightenment thinking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German theologian who was a proponent of higher criticism, historical-critical method. He rejected the Gospel of John and used the historical-critical method for understanding the historical Jesus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German Lutheran Pastor and theologian. Was a founding member of the Confessing Church, which was established in opposition to Hitler’s state church. Was arrested and executed for transporting papers connected to a plot to kill Hitler. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American theologian who was interested in Christianity’s relationship to the state. Often associated with the Social Gospel movement and the author of the Serenity Prayer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German Lutheran theologian who was interested in the theology of splitting history and faith or demytholgy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed after WWI and reacted against the teaching of Schleiermacher and Protestant Liberalism. It was a reevaluation of the Reformation teachings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Swiss Reformed theologian who is often regarded as the most important theologian of the 20th century. He was a dialectical theologian and reacted against Protestant liberalism. He great work was entitled Church Dogmatics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. In late 1637, prophet Anne Hutchison was expelled from MA for claiming to have received personal revelations.
b. Founded Portsmouth and there Baptist populations grew
She is a key figure in the study of the development of religious freedom in England's American colonies and the history of women in ministry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Founded by Jacobus Arminius while studying to refute Dirck Koornhert’s anti-calvinistic, anti-predestination doctrine. Named by Gomarus. Led to Synod of Dort. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Written by Philip Melanchthon to explain in 28 articles what it was Lutherans believed
Drafted and signed in Augsburg (June 23, 1530) and after it was signed, Emperor Charles V threatened those who signed to recant or else. Most did not recant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first outbreak of Pentecostal revival at the Azusa Street Mission of LA was in 1906 and was characterized by speaking in tongues, miracles of healing and prophetic utterances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Started the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) in 1950. The main focus of the BGEA is to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ to as many people as possible.
Was part of the revivalist movement and was a southern Baptist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Wrote a study and exposition on the teaching of Augustine which posthumously published and was condemned by Pope Urban VIII as he considered them too similar to Calvinist doctrines.
Stemmed Jansenism, which was a movement of zealous religious reform. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. 16th century council that sought to:
i. To condemn the principles and doctrines of Protestantism
To define the doctrines of the Catholic Church on all disputed |
|
|
Term
| Edinburgh Conference 1910 |
|
Definition
a. Held from June 14 to 23, 1910 in Edinburgh, Scotland
Major Protestant denominations and missionary societies, predominantly from North America and Northern Europe, sent 1,200 representatives to Edinburgh, Scotland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. An advocate of Women's suffrage, temperance and Darwin's theory of evolution, and a foe of slavery and bigotry of all kinds
Beecher held that Christianity should adapt itself to the changing culture of the times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. (1491 – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight from a Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian,
b. Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General.
The Jesuits emerged during the Counter-Reformation in reaction of the Catholic Church against the theology of Protestantism. “I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. He completed his translation directly from the Vulgate into vernacular English in the year 1382, now known as Wyclif's Bible
He is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. He was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement. Baptist minster. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.
b. At his "Divinity School Address", Emerson discounted Biblical miracles and proclaimed that, while Jesus was a great man, he was not God
Boston's Second Church invited Emerson to serve as its junior pastor and he was ordained on March 11, 1829. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Was expelled from MA for fighting against injustices of American colonies
b. Published The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience Discussed expounding his views
the first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state, In 1636 , he began the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which provided a refuge for religious minorities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Schleitheim Confession was a declaration of Swiss Anabaptist belief, endorsed unanimously by a meeting of Swiss Anabaptists in 1527 in Schleitheim (Switzerland). |
|
|
Term
| St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre |
|
Definition
| (in 1572) was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. (2000-70000 people died in total) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Was a short man and was a major figure of the Catholic Reformation, a Spanish mystic, and Carmelite friar and priest, born at Fontiveros, Old Castile.
b. Saint John of the Cross was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered, along with Saint Teresa of Ávila, as a founder of the Discalced Carmelites.
while still in his 20s, continued to work as a helper of Saint Teresa until 1577, founding monasteries around Spain and taking active part in their government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Founded Discalced Carmelites
b. was a prominent Spanish mystic, Carmelite nun, and writer of the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer
She was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered to be, along with John of the Cross, a founder of the Discalced Carmelites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Met from Nov 1618-May 1619 and was assembled to end the Gomarists vs. Remonstants debate (Predestination vs. Arminianism)
Five points of Calvinism were presented here |
|
|
