• Oxford professory w/ much support in England.
• lecutured on whole of bible @ oxford; created the first whole bible commentary.
• involved in major debate between whether the state had to pay taxes to the chuch even during corruption.
• rejected transubstantiation= blood/wine is body/blood
• Insulted translation of Eucharist, and was executed for heresy.

• The followers of John Wycliffe who translated teh Bible into English and traveled through England as lay preachers.
• The name probably comes in referanct to their singing.
• First group in England to experience religious persecution

• taught at the University of Prague and was singled out for his support of Wycliffe.
• call against Pope John XXIII for the sale of indulgences.
• Was called to the Council of Constance to explain his views, but was arrested immediately despite "safe passage"
• Was called a heretic and burnt at the stake.

• The "prince of the humanists", did scholarlly work that prepared the way for Protestant Reformation
• Wrote many acclaimed works that became famous throughout Europe
• Agreed with Luther on most points until he fought with him about the issue of free will.

• the first Lutheran Creed.
• written by Philip Melanchthon because at the time Luther was convicted of heresy.
• All those who signed were forced to recant, however the 8 German Princes just formed the league of Schmalkald, a defence of protestant lands against attack.

• Holy Roman emporer around 1521.
• Was at war with Francis I of France, The new pope Clement VII, and the Turks, and needed the support of the German princes in order to win.
• THerefore, he let protestantism slide to protect his position of power.

• made the proclaimation that Lutherans could choose the religion of their territory, but would have to allow Catholic services in their lands. However, Catholic territories did not have to allow Lutheran services.

• A league formed by the 8 protestant princes of Germany.
• agreed that if Catholic forces came into any territory with force, that they would fight back with arms.

Philip of Hesse

• The leading prince of the league
• Commited bigamy because of his loveless marriage

• writes the Augsburg Confession
• becomes the leading theologian of Lutheranism after luther.
• Labeled the first systematic theologian within protestantism
• Melancthon argued that we could compromise on the secondary matters of faith (adiaphora) if it led to peace.

• Lutheran professor
• Attemped to heal the separation between Lutheran schools of thought made the statement that only things taught within the first 5 centuries of the church should be treated as necessary for salvation
• accused of becoming "Crypt-catholic"

• the standard guide of Lutheran Belief.
• Formula for the standard beliefs of Lutheranism.
• The compromise that was desired.

• a sheep herder in Switzerland known for mercenaries.
• a student at Univ of Vienna who studies Greek, and Erasmus
• disliked indulgences and mercenaries
• Did not consider himself a lutheran, but over time allowed Zurich: sacraments said in german, preists and nuns could marry, Mass was replaced by communion service.

• A meeting of Luther/Melanchthon and Zwingli/Oecolampadius to have common Protestant movement.
• Formed by Philip of Hesse and Bucer
• Ended terribly because the who parties could not agree on the nature of communion.

• Born in France and was given Chaplaincy at 12.
• Went to study bible at U of Paris, and became influenced by humanism.
• Calvin forced to flee France after uprising of Protestants in the city, and writes the Institutes of Christian Religion
• Ends up in Geneva, but is soon kicked out.
• Goes to Strousbourg where he is married and continues to write.  Founds the Geneva Academy

• 4 Volumes written by John Calvin
• a definitive systematic theology for protestants
• originiate to support the heavily persecuted French Protestants (huguenots)

• Spanish doctor known for his rejection of the Trinity.
• Writes to Calvin of his ideas, and when caught was executed by burning.

• Also known as calvinists.
• Found in Switzerland, Germany, France, Holland, Scotland, and England.
• Main debate was over predestination
• Calvin's Institues were the biggest contribution made by reformed protestants.

• Written  by Theodore Beza as a major Creed of Calvinism, adding to the Institutes
• taught supralapsarianism, the doctrine that God elected or predstined those to be saved and damned.
• those who believed in infralapsarianism rejected the Helvetic Con, the belief that we were all damned at the fall of humanity, and God chooses who he will save.

• A meeting called to refute the Remonstants, who believed that damnation is chosen by the person.
• attended by German, english, and Swiss reps.
• Created the five points of Calvinism referred to as TULIP

• Also known as Remonstrants.
• belief on debate of predestination that those who were damned did so of their own accord, and not by the will of God.

• Scottish reformer who was involved in the Protestant overtaking of St. Andrews, the Scottish castle. 
• Enslaved by the French for almost 2 weeks until he fled to Geneva, and when returning to Scotland, he led a Calvinist Reformation.
• Writes the "Confession of Faith" which led the Scottish Church until the Westminster Confession.

• The major creed of Scottish Presbyterianism
• Developed in England by Puritans, but greatly influenced the growith of Presbyterianism

• Several groups who were united in their idea of the separation of church and state.
• Includes Spiritualists, Rationalists, and Anabaptists.
• Many of the movements became violent, as seen in Munster.

• Raised Lutheran, but then as a vision that leads to new doctrine that is much different than orthodoxy.
• Thought that fall of humanity was essential to reach a higher state with God who could then further develop them.

• The confession (or catechism) developed by anti-Trinitarians

• Radical reformers who believed that infant baptism was unbiblical.
• Practiced separation of church and state, the ban, and avoidance of oaths.
• believed in gathered community, rather than given community.

• Anabaptism believed to have been started in Zurich when a group of radicals re-baptize under Zwingli's influence

• First person to baptize an adult.
• Belived that membership to the church should be voluntary, and believed in the idea of a "believers baptism" in adulthood.
• Eventually dies of the plague

• Rejected the idea of infant baptism
• focused on value of the Old Testament for Chirstians, as well as violence for the cause
• Took part in Peasants Revolt, but is captured and beheaded after being tortured.

• Anabaptism gone bad.  All radicals flooeded into the city (New Jerusalem) by the lead of Jan Matthys. 
• Banned all books except bible and private property
• Men encouraged to take up more than one wife.
• The military surrounds the city, leaving the people to feast on rats.  Eventually the army comes in and kills everybody.

• The first Anabaptism confession, written by Michael sattler

• Dutch catholic preist who becomes anabaptist.
• Strongly preached pacifism, and sep of c and s.
• Followers known as Mennonites.
• He is never captured.

• Marries Catherine of Aragon, but after a loveless marriage, gets his marriage ruled unconsummated.
• Could not produce a male heir and ends up marrying 6 times. 
• Very wishy washy on religion, and goes back and forth many times between Catholicism and Protestantism.
• Delcares himself "Supreme Head" of the CoE

• Thomas Cramner was the first Archbishop Martyred under queen Mary.

• Son of Henry and Jane Seymour.
• reigned from age 9-15, dying of pneumonia.
• Kingdom moved towards Protestantism during his reign.

• Also known as "bloody Mary", and was strongly Catholic.
• During 5 year reign, nearly 300 protestants were killed
• She could not produce and heir, and when her death was coming, she ordered Elizabeth executed.  however she wasn't.

• Also killed Catholics, but not as many as Mary
• Strongly protestant, incfluenced by humanism
• She never married, and used that for political advantage.
• was excommunicated from the Church, putting Catholics in England also in danger of excomm.
• strongly disliked Puritans.
• made herself the "Supreme Governor" of Church
• Sponsored the 39 Articles.

• The Anglican creed.  Statement of faith for Anglicans everywhere

• First known as precisionists, wanted to purify the Church.
• Wanted to abolish the Bishop position, as well as celrical vestments, ritualism, and use of music in service.
• Where scrictly scriptural.
• Disliked by Elizabeth and so they seperated from the Church

• Feared Calvinists and Presby. because they were against the Monarchy.
• Authorized the King James Version
• Was not supported by many protestants.
• Wanted a religiously moderate state.

• Alientated Puritans
• Civil War errupts when Scotland rebels because he instituted Anglican Worship there.
• Parliament said no to a war, but was caputred and beheaded by Parliament for treason.

• Head of Parliamentary Army, comes in control of England when it had no King.
• Titled the "Lord Protector of England"
• Enforced Puritan style Church, and preached religious tolerance.

• Strongly Catholic Queen of Spain
• Revival of Christian Ministry in Spain with help of Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros.
• Spornsored growth of Christian Edu.
• Introduced Spanish Inquisition, which was designed to discover heresy, but eventually torture becomes a part of the system.

• Designed to disover heresy, but people were tortured. All Jews and Musilms were forced to get baptized and renounce their faith, and if they were caught continuing their own faith, they were murdered
• Pope granted Isabella and Ferdinand the right to take reign of the inquisition in their lands.

• Camelite nun
• Had visions of Christ and felt led to leave.
• Founds the reformed Carmelites and travels around Spain, founding 32 new Monastic houses.
• Founds the Sister's of Charity

• Military man who becomes a Christian.
• Attends the University of Paris and gets a masters in Theology
• Founds the Society of Jesus, aka Jesuits to convert Muslims
• Writes the Spiritual exercises

• 3 meetings that spanned over 18 years that led to Catholic Reformation
• Counter-reformation in response to Protestantism

• The primary creed of Catholicism until the 1960's

• Those who felt that bishops had equality to the pope in their own dioceses

• Those who vleived that the pope held the supreme authority

• Particular interpretation of Augustine on grace and predestiantion.
• Basically, catholic interpretations of Augustine.

• Teaches that the beliver should rely totally on God, without spiritual or physical activity.
• Rejected by the Vatican.

• French Protestants
• largely persecuted by the Catholic church head.

• French King (Once Henry of Navarre)
• Wanted a Kingdom without a common religion.
• Ordered teh Edict of Nantes, making Hugenots safe throughout France.
• Was a great hope to many French, however he was killed violently.

• Religious wars, Starting with Ferdinand's commitment to murder Protestants. 
• Many countries were involved.
• Much of Germany was in ruins afterwards, and caused the rise of secularism.