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| taught in Florence and was a religious leader around 1494. Warned the people about the judgment of God and warned against being caught up their vanities like dice, jewelry, and other evils. He had a big bonfire where people brought their vanities and bu |
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| around early 1450s. She wanted to reform the church in Spain. She asked the Pope for the power to appoint church officials in Spain. She assigned Jiminez as archbishop. They published the Bible in Spanish. She was very reform minded. But she also st |
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| * Started in 1517 in Rome. Existed of nearly 60 people who dedicated themselves to personal reform. They committed themselves to being more holy and doing more. They attended more masses and gave more alms and the such. |
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| Investigating clergy having prostitutes and clergy having secret wives. The exploratory was stopped because the protestants started eating it up. |
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| Committee to investigate clerical immorality |
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| Efforts of renewal in the Catholic Church |
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| Savonarolla and Isabella, Oratory of Divine Love, and Committee to investigate clerical immorality. Council of Trent. Establishment of new orders |
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| Teresa of Avilla and John of the Cross started the ________ |
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| Pronouncements of the council of trent |
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i. Tradition and scripture are equally authoritative in matters of theology and morals.
ii. The old testament apocrypha was sanctioned as canon.
iii. They affirmed the Latin Vulgate as the official translation.
iv. They said good works were integral to the process, preservation, and increase of the faith. Humans must cooperate with the grace of God to merit salvation. Good works are a part of salvation.
v. Reaffirmed the seven sacraments. They maintained that transubstantiation was the proper understanding of The Eucharist. They maintained the Latin Mass.
vi. Extolled virginity and celibacy as a higher calling than marriage.
vii. Called for the honoring of Relics, the use of images, and the efficacy of indulgences.
viii. The pope was proclaimed the only interpreter of scripture.
ix. They also talked about stopping the clerical immorality problems. |
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– There biggest job was to stamp out heresy. They were active in the Spanish Inquisition. They especially fought protestants and the protestants hated them. The term, “Jesuit” means “severe”, and was given to them by the protestants.
-- They also worked hard on education.
-- Mission work – they were very active missionaries. |
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| An early follower of Ignatius who was a missionary to china and india |
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| His message was to the upperclass. He contextualized his message. He allowed them to continue ancestor worship. A Jesuit Missionary |
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| Succession of rulers who influenced the English Revolution. |
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| Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor,Elizabeth, James I |
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| He was 15 when he died and and ruled for six years. Lutheran views come to the forefront during this time. The communion cup is offered to the laity and transubstantiation is rejected. The clergy are allowed to marry. Images were removed from the chur |
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| Daughter of Katherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. She was married to Phillip of Spain. She persecuted the protestants and had about 300 of them killed. There is a political underpinning of everything here. She has no standing if the marriage is illegiti |
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| Elizabeth developed the Via Media. “The Middle Way”. She was a very politically astute person. She wanted stability and order so she wanted to go the middle way. The Pope is rejected. Use of images, purgatory, and indulgences are rejected. Spiritual |
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| He played an important role in English Protestantism in many ways. One of these ways was his authorization of his new English translation of the Bible in 1611. He legalized playing sports on Sundays. He was a raging homosexual. |
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* He is four years old when Calvin died.
* Born in the Netherlands, where most people were Calvinists.
* Studied with Beza, who was Calvin’s successor.
* Becomes a pastor
* He struggles with some of Calvin’s theologies, especially predestination.
* T |
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| The only reomonstrance of Arminius that was not a complete opposite of tulip. |
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| Possible perseverance of the saints. |
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| Where Arminianism is rejected. |
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| Where the TULIP is created |
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| They saw the Via Media as too Catholic |
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| Where did the Baptists form from? |
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| Out of the Seperatist/Puritan movements |
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| Smaller impact than the Puritans. They get tired of all of the debating, so they want to just pull out. They focus on the religious experience. There was so much intolerance, that they were just getting tired of it. |
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| The spiritual is his only true reality. The only people that understand the scripture are those who are spiritual. He doesn’t have a major following. Anti-trinitarian. He was very ethereal. |
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| Wanted to get rid of structure and an established leader. Pacifist. He started the Quaker tradition. They were against sacraments. It is very plain, so there is nothing getting between you and God. Talks about the inner light of the spirit. They mak |
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| Gathers people in his home to pray and to talk about sermons and how scripture pertains to their lives. He came out of the Lutheran tradition. He writes the Pia Desideria, which means “The piety we desire.” This short book is very practical and individ |
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i. People need to know the Bible. There should be more use of the Bible.
ii. He calls for a renewal of the priesthood of believers.
iii. He emphasized everybody living religiously. They should be active as ministers.
iv. He urged people to be restrained in religious controversies. You should pray for those you believe are wrong, instead of arguing with them.
v. Ministers need to be trained in piety and devotion, not just academics.
vi. Ministers need to preach understandable edifying sermons. He thought that every sermon should have application. |
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| Early on, known as the united brethren. Started as remnants of the Husites. They are attracted to the pietist movement. |
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| They were an offshoot of the pietists |
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| The first Christians in America were ___ |
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| Catholics. Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries from Spain. |
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| Lord Balitimore. Influential Catholic who believed in toleration. |
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| Where did most of the Anglicans settle in the new world |
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| Theological figured of the first great awakening |
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| Evangelical leader of the first great awakening |
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| Impact of the first great awakening |
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A lot of people convert.
-- Increase in bodily effects of conversion. People talk about weeping and fainting.
-- Revival of concern for pure living.
-- Growing concern for higher education. A lot of colleges are established during this time, especially colleges designed to equip ministers.
-- The revival leads to divisions in the puritan churches. The two divisions are the New Light and the Old Light. |
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| Denomination that saw the most growth in the first great awakening |
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| In the 18th century, there was a rise of ___ |
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| Adherents of rational religion |
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| Isaac Newton and John Locke |
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| a major outcome of rational religion |
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| Theology of the second great awakening was ___ |
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| Two forms of the second great awakening |
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| Frontier Form and New England Form |
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| also known as the soul rush. Begins right around the turn of the century. These revival gatherings are very lively. Very simple and emotional preaching. A lot of untamed responses. Anti-intellectual revivalism. There were mixed responses to this rev |
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| generally, this is a more sedate form of the revival. One of the early revivals is among the students of Yale University led by Timothy Dwight who was the president of the University. Charles Finney – talked about the measures one can take to bring on r |
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| 5 new measures of revivalism by Charles Finney. |
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Definition
* Praying for people by name publicly. Praying for people’s salvation.
* Women praying aloud in public gatherings.
* Entering a town to preach without an invitation from the local pastor.
* Protracted meetings over several days or sometimes several weeks.
* Use of anxious seat – anybody that wants to be saved can come there and sit and people will meet you there and talk with you and pray with you. They would also drag you up there sometimes. |
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| Impact of the second great awakening |
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Definition
1. The whole new idea of camp meetings takes off. One of the early revivals in Kentucky was in Cane Ridge. These camp meetings were interdenominational.
2. Break in the ethnic denominational preferences. German Lutherans becoming Baptists etc.
3. Conversion becomes a matter of individual choice.
4. Gospel hymns become a prominent part of American Protestantism.
5. Lots of religious enthusiasm that is channeled into volunteer associations. A lot of people working for Jesus. People wanted to be useful for the kingdom.
6. Great growth in Baptists and Methodists. The Methodists were great about using lay leadership. They leave lay leadership in charge of the Methodist societies. By 1850, they have the largest denomination in the nation. They are surpassed by the Catholics a few decades later.
7. A lot of millennial expectation. They believed that the world was going to get better and better. They were going to bring in the millennium. It was a post-millennial theology. |
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| Two prominent leaders of the second great awakening. |
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Definition
| Francis Asbury and Charles Finney |
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| 1816 Precursor to the second great awakening and then active in it. His mother always believed he was going to do something great for God, so she read him scripture an hour a day every day. He converted at age 16 and started preaching and he would prea |
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| He was a Calvinist at a younger age, but reputed his Calvinist upbringing and became a revivalist. Finney is most known for his means of bring about revival. He also taught that if you were a Christian then you should be actively trying to carry out ref |
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| Attraction of African American Christianity |
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Definition
1. Hope – The Christian message is a message of exaltation of the downcast. It is a message of hope and promise.
2. Judgment – There will be Justice and what is wrong will be righted.
3. Fellowship – A sense of community where there was no other opportunity for it before.
4. Solidarity in suffering – Shared suffering and a shared sense of grace.
5. Egalitarian – The ground is equal at the foot of the cross. They are brothers and sisters in church with the slave owners.
6. Commonalities with some of the African Religious traditions. There were ecstatic behaviors with spirit trances, clapping of the hands, singing, rhythmic preaching.
7. Energetic Evangelization – Great efforts in evangelization both by white people and black folk in this time period. This is especially true among the Baptists and the Methodists.
8. Offered sense of dignity and value to people who felt devalued.
9. Provided an opportunity for leadership.
10. The ease of indignation. It was easy for them to adapt white Christianity. |
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| Nature of the 19th Century Black Evangelicalism in the South |
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Definition
-- There was regular preaching in support of slavery, but black Christians regularly rejected this.
-- The essence of Christianity was viewed to be experience. The call to live your life a certain way was not as important.
-- God is viewed foremost as a deliver. The Exodus is focused on.
-- People struggle with the question of why God is allowing them to suffer. They are looking for answers and meaning in the suffering.
-- A tendency to understand the world as a unified whole. They see all of life as part of the sacred whole. |
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| Nature of the 19th Century Black Evangelicalism in the North |
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Definition
-- Education and moral reform are preached over religious experience.
-- The first black college that was formed was Wilberforce. Founded in Ohio.
-- Black Denominations are established in the North. 1816 – the AME church was started. 1821 – the AME Zion church was started in New York.
-- Women preachers are a lot more active. Jareena Lee.
-- Very active in the abolitionist movement.
-- They try to civilize the southern black church. |
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| Impact of Black Christianity on White Christianity |
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Definition
-- Northern and Southern denominations split because of this
-- The white preachers learn a lot from the black preachers. The white preachers were energized by the responsiveness of congregation.
-- Some will argue that because this mirror is being held up there is more emphasis on personal sins than on broader social structural sins. |
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| -- He was born a slave in the North. He purchased himself and converted his owner to Christianity. He became a traveling Methodist preacher. He established a black Methodist congregation in Pennsylvania. He became ordained by Francis Asbury. The chur |
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