Term
| Renaissance influences on the reformation. 14th and 15th century. |
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Definition
1.Dark Ages
2.Rise in Humanisnm-more individualism
3.Growth in Universities-From 1300-1500, numbers of universities went from 20-70. |
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Term
| Antecedents of the Reformation |
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Definition
1.Intellectual Developments-Renaissance and critically studying the text.
2.Increasing Nationalism-Nations did not want to give their power to Popes.
3.The Prophetic Dead-John Wycliff and Jan Huss.
4.Dissenting Groups-Lollards, Albigenses, and Waldenses
5.Mysticism
6.Printing Press
7.Disenchantment with the Established Church |
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Term
| John Wyclif --- 1320-1384 Englishman |
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Definition
* Believed that any religious or secular leader who was unfaithful to their duties should not be allowed to stay in office.
* Believed that the scripture belonged to the body of Christ and not the pope, and that scripture was the final authority, not the pope. “Scripture should shake away all ye law that the pope decides.”
* All Christians should be able to read the Bible.
* Translated into English from Latin.
* Attacked transubstantiation. He held the consubstantiation view.
* Believed in a personal faith in Christ.
* English government liked and protected him.
* And in 1415, his remains were dug up, burned, and the ashes thrown in the river. |
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Term
| Jan Hus --- 1369-1415 Bohemian |
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Definition
* Catholic Priest and Great Scholar
* Hus read the writings of Wyclif and translated them into Czech and translate scripture into Czech.
* summoned to the Council of Constance. German emperor promised him safety. Emperor pronounced him a heretic, tried, and burned him at the stake. They also dug up Wyclif and burned him and threw him in the river. Hus’ follwers went underground and they are the fore fathers of the Moravians. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Bible central authority and even the Pope has to obey it. This was written during the Papal Schism. 1378-1409 there were two popes.
2.Indulgences were wrong. Only God can grant forgiveness.
3.Both the bread and sine should be given to people in communion. |
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Term
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Definition
*inspired by Wyclif- name given to them means “mumbler”
*the Pope called them Bible Men
*Went out into twos, preaching and teaching – they were well educated laity.
*Very opposed to church hierarchy and how wealthy the church had become.
*Early 15thcentury, the pope had a lot of them burned at the stake. |
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Term
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Definition
*also known as the Cathari
*divided all followers into the “workers” and the “perfect” – only the perfect got certain things. They were very ascetic and vegans.
*one of there goals was to liberate the soul from their body, so they would starve themselves.
*spoke against the church.
*they believed Jesus didn’t have a body –medieval Gnostics. |
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Term
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Definition
*Followers of Peter Waldo---a merchant who, in the 1170s, sold all he had and went into poverty. Became a wandering preacher. He begged for food.
*memorized large sections of scripture – wanted to cleanse the church from possessions.
*He and many of his followers were excommunicated, but many of them hid in the alps.
*rejected purgatory, praying through the saints, fasting, taking oaths, and tithing.
*tried to call the church to simplicity. |
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Term
| How did the Mystics influence the Reformation? |
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Definition
*Tried to get to the divine without the church---a common approach to the Church being hypocritical.
*Common people saw them as spiritual authorities. |
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Term
| How did the Church react to Julian of Norwich and the other Mystics? |
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Definition
| The Church was very nervous about them and brought them to the Inquisitors. |
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Term
| Why were the people disenchanted with the Established Church. |
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Definition
*Financial Abuses-Indulgences and the buying and selling of church positions.
*Dishonorable Clergy-They would also be absent from their places of service and they would have fill-ins.
*Decline of the Papacy-The role of the Papacy declined during this time. For a while there were two popes. This occurred not long before the reformation. Council of Constance took it back to only one pope. |
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Term
| The Four Parts of Penance |
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Definition
1.Contrition–Being sorry.
2.Confession–Oricular Confession to the ear of the priest.
3.Absolution–Priest would give forgiveness and made you not to have to go to hell.
4.Satisfaction–He would give you something to do to rid yourself of the requirement of paying off your debt in purgatory. |
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Term
| What did indulgences have to do with Penance? |
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Definition
| Indulgences became an opportunity for Satisfaction. They believed that there were extra merits left over from Jesus and the saints and they were buying these spare merits. It also got to the point where you could buy for family members who were dead and in purgatory. |
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Term
| Examples of buying and selling church positions. |
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Definition
| Annates, Collates, Expectancies, Dispensations |
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Term
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Definition
| Bishops and Priests would donate their first year salary in a new position to the pope. |
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Term
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Definition
| They would move Priests and Bishops around so the Pope would get all of the money. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selling to the highest bidder; the right to a position. |
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Term
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Definition
| When someone wanted to get out of a marriage or something, they Church would be willing to annul the marriage if the right sum of money was given. |
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Term
| Six Theories to Explain the Coming of the Reformation |
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Definition
1.Alienated Laity–due to the abuses of the clergy.
2.Propoganda Ploy–the protestants were using the printing press to spread propaganda about the Church.
3.Undisciplined Religious Exuberance–You couldn’t tell what was important from what was not. A lot of spiritual practice but it was very excessive.
4.Emerging Laity–Laity becoming more educated.
5.Pagan “Christians”–Most people were basically not Christian. Delumeau
6.By-product–Culture was going in that direction socially and economically because of growing individualism.Bossy |
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Term
| Martin Luther's Childhood |
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Definition
*Very Strict Parents
*His dad wanted him to be a lawyer.
*Joined a Monastery around 1505 after promising God he would during a thunderstorm. |
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Term
| Martin Luther's Monastic Life. |
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Definition
| Ordained as a priest in 1507. His spiritual father was Staupitz. He took a trip to rome in 1510 and saw exagerated examples of what was wrong with the Church. He hated God at times because of judgment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prince Frederick the Wise |
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Term
| Who did Luther have to come to a hearing before? |
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Definition
| Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Luther's famous statement believed to have been said at the Council of Worms. |
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Definition
| “Here I stand, I can do no other.” |
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Term
| Major Theological Points of Luther |
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Definition
1.Final Authority of Scripture.
2.Justification by Faith through Grace.
3.Priesthood of the Believer.
4.Two true sacraments-Baptism and Communion.
5.Relationship between Church and State.
6.Relationship between Man and Woman. |
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Term
| How did Luther see the Church and State issue? |
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Definition
| Spiritual kingdom is led by the church. The temporal kingdom is to secure justice,punish evil,and to maintain order. The work of the Church is to bring the good news to the world. |
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Term
| Pre-reformation beliefs of Ulrich Zwingli |
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Definition
| Became a priest in 1504. He felt that people were being used by the Church. He was also used against military service being mandatory. |
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Term
| Reformation views of Zwingli |
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Definition
| He convinces the city government to throw out indulgence sellers. He makes his case with the bishop in 1522,but the bishop does not answer. |
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Term
| What happened to Zwingli? |
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Definition
| He gets attacked by Catholics in Zurich,he fights and gets killed and they cut him up and burn him. But not long after that,they decide that every canton in that area can decide whether or not they will be protestant or catholic. |
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Term
| 4 main theological Discussions by Zwingli. |
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Definition
1.Predestination
2.Unembellished Worship
3.Tradition
4.Lord's Supper |
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Term
| The difference between Luther's and Zwingli's beliefs concerning predestination. |
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Definition
| Zwingli believes in predestination because of the nature of God. God knows all things,therefore, he must also be deciding. Luther says that God acts first,therefore,God controls salvation. |
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Term
| The difference between Zwingl's and Luther's views on worship. |
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Definition
| Zwingli says that worship should not stimulate the senses because this distracts from worship. He wants it very simple. He chained the organs shut. Luther believed that the material world should be harnessed in worship. |
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Term
| The difference between Luther's and Zwingli's views on tradition. |
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Definition
| Luther says that you should retain traditions if there is no explict contradiction in scripture,but Zwingli says that if scripture does not confirm it,it is wrong. |
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Term
| The differences between Luther's and Zwingli's views on the Lord's Supper. |
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Definition
| Zwingli teaches that the elements are simply symbols of spiritual reality. He does not like the term “sacrament,” because that connotates that the grace of God is actually administered through the sacrament. Zwingli and Luther meet in Nuremburg,and they come to a compromise on everything but communion. |
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Term
| Pre-reformation John Calvin |
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Definition
| Born in Noyon France near Paris. His mother died when he was very young and was raised by a family that was not his birth family. He was preparing for a legal career. He became a priest and started studying religion. |
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Term
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Definition
*1534–He started studying with a humanist and this led Calvin to start asking a lot of questions about the nature of himself and other humans.
*He wrote a speech for a guy at a University,and the speech was about returning to the true gospel. This was a very protestant theme. There was an uproar afterwards and Calvin fled.
*Wrote Institutes first in Latin and then in French. It first had 500 pages,but he updated it throughout his life.
*In 1538,the people in Geneva get mad at him because he wants to excommunicate people. He went to Strasburg and lived there for three years |
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Term
| Who convinced Calvin to stay in Geneva? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The date the 95 theses are posted. |
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Term
| Calvin on Church-State Relations |
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Definition
| Calvin believed that the secular authorities were responsible for enforcing right doctrine. He created a union between church and state for this. You could be thrown in prison for dancing or being drunk. |
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Term
| Major theological principles raised by John Calvin |
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Definition
1.Sola Scriptura
2.Sovereingty of God
3.Total Depravity of Man
4.Unconditional Election
5.Limited Atonement
6.Irresistable Grace
7.Perseverance of the Saints
8.Sacraments
9.The Church |
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Term
| Major theological principles raised by John Calvin |
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Definition
1.Sola Scriptura
2.Sovereingty of God
3.Total Depravity of Man
4.Unconditional Election
5.Limited Atonement
6.Irresistable Grace
7.Perseverance of the Saints
8.Sacraments
9.The Church |
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Term
| What is Calvin's view concerning scripture? |
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Definition
*Sola Scriptura
*“The scripture is self authenticated by the testimony of the spirit.”
*The sermon becomes the center part of the reformed tradition. |
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Term
| What are Calvin's views on the Sovereignty of God? |
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Definition
| *Central to the teaching of Calvin. All of history has been brought to being because of the guiding hand of God. If a plague kills off a lot of people,Calvin says it was God’s will. |
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Term
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Definition
| We are sinful. We have a depraved nature. The best we can possibly do will never be enough. |
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Term
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Definition
| God elects who God wills to elect. There is nothing you can do,he either chooses or does not choose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jesus died for those who are elected to be saved,not for the unsaved. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you are one of the elect,there is no way you can possibly say no. |
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Term
| Perseverence of the Saints |
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Definition
| If God has chosen you,and you are one of the elect,you will remain saved. Once saved always saved. |
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Term
| What did Calvin see as the appropriate method of worship. |
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Definition
| No music, but they did sing. |
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Term
| Origins of the Anabaptist movement. |
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Definition
1.Ancient examples of people "rebaptizing".
2.Religious upheaval caused by the reformation.
3.Availability of the New Testament. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who took the reformation ideas to their logical ends. |
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Term
| Theology and Practice of the Anabaptists |
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Definition
1.Radical Biblicism
2.Personal faith must precede baptism.
3.Seperation of Church and State
4.Primitive Ecclesiology
5.Holy Living
6.Pure Congregation
7.Pacifism
8.Egalitarians
9.Against Oaths |
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Term
| What happened with the baptism debate in the Anabaptist Movement? |
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Definition
| Many Catholics and Protestants disagreed with them. They debated,the Anabaptists lost,and they were drowned. |
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Term
| The Anabaptist view on Church and State |
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Definition
| The church and state are distinct,so the church needs to be separate from the state so that it is not stained by it. Therefore,the church should be a voluntary institution. You should be able to decide whether not you want to be in a church. Tjis is called Voluntary association with the church. |
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Term
| Describe the Anabaptist ecclesiology. |
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Definition
| They called for a very simple organization of the church. They did not want any significant difference between the clergy and the laity. |
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Term
| Describe the Anabaptist Egalitarianism. |
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Definition
| There is not a lot of differentiation between one member and another. |
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Term
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Definition
*Started out as a Catholic Priest,but he was ultimately responsible for baptizing thousands in Moravia. He became an Anabaptist. Met Zwingli and studied the New Testament with him. He came to a conviction about believer’s baptism. Zwingli went the other way and had the government outlaw the gathering of people who felt this way.
*He came to Zwingli in 1525 and asked for help. Zwingli had him tortured.
*He wrote a pamphlet called “Heretics and those who burn him.”
*He wrote against predestination.
*He was burned at the stake and his wife was drowned |
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Term
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Definition
*He was an Italian Anabaptist.
*He was a pacifist.
*He encouraged a communal life.
*Their families lived together with other families in Bruderhofs.
*He and his followers were immersed in freezing water,doused in brandy,and then were burnt.
*The Huterites mostly ended up in South Dakota. |
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Term
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Definition
*He started out as a priest.
*Started what is today the largest Anabaptist group; the Mennonites.
*He banned unrepentant people from being in their community.
*Talked about the Celestial Flesh |
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Term
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Definition
| A violent Anabaptist movement leader. |
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