Term
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Definition
| study and treatment of the integumentary system |
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Term
| What type of cells make up the epidermis? |
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Definition
| stratified squamous epitheleum |
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Term
| What type of tissue makes up the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the skin? (name seven) |
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Definition
1. resistance to trauma and infection
2. other barrier functions (UV radiation, water barrier)
3.Vitamin D Synthesis
4. Sensation
5. Thermoregulation
6. Nonverbal communication
7. Transdermal absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| The tough protein that packs the dead cells at the surface of the epidermis |
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Term
| True or false: The epidermis lacks blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the epidermis get its nutrients? |
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Definition
| From diffusion of nutrients from underlying layers |
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Term
| Name the five types of cells in the epidermis |
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Definition
1. Stem cells
2. Keratinocytes
3. Melanocytes
4. Tactile (Merkel) Cells
5. Dendric (Langerhans) Cells |
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Term
| What layer of the epidermis contains stem cells? |
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Definition
| Stratum Basale (or Germinativum) |
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Term
| When the stem cells of the epidermis differentiate, what do they become? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells make up the majority of the epidermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do keratinocytes do? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes exclusively found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pigment that shields DNA from UV radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Tactile or touch receptor cells that are associated with dermal nerve fibers |
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Term
| What are Dendritic (Lanerghans) cells? |
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Definition
| Macrophages originating in bone marrow that guard against pathogens |
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Term
| In what layer are Dendritic cells found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five layers of the epidermis of the palms, in order from top to bottom? |
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Definition
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale |
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Term
| Which epidermal layer is found only in the tough skin of the palms and the soles of the feet? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane |
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Term
| What types of cells exist in Stratum Basale? |
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Definition
keratinocytes
melanocytes
stem cells
Merkel (tactile) |
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Term
| Where does mitosis of the skin cells in stratum basale cease? |
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Definition
| three cells below the surface |
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Term
| Describe the process of mitosis that occurs in stratum basale |
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Definition
| The stem cells in the stratum create new keratinocytes via mitosis. As this process occurs, the new cells are constantly pushing the old ones towards the surface. The mitosis stops three cells below the surface. |
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Term
| What types of cells can be found in stratum spinosum? |
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Definition
keratinocytes
Dendritic (Lanerghans) cells |
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Term
| What happens to the cells in stratum spinosum? |
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Definition
| The keratinocytes in the stratum produce more keratin filaments, which cause the cells to flatten. The higher up (and therefore the older the cells), the flatter they get. |
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Term
| What is the most superficial layer (or layer closest to the surface of the skin) that is still capable of mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein structure that exists in granule form in keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum; releases a protein called filaggrin |
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Term
| In what layer is keratohyalin active? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein created by keratohyalin that binds to keratin cells in epithelium and creates TIGHT JUNCTIONS between keratin filaments to make coarse, tough bundles |
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Term
| What processes occur in Stratum Granulosum? |
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Definition
- keratohyalin produces filaggrin
- membrane-coating vesicles of the keratinocytes release a lipid mixture that creates a waterproof barrier over the cell surface |
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Term
| How is the epidermal water barrier created? |
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Definition
| In stratum granulosum, the membrane-coating vesicles of the keratinocytes release a lipid mixture that is hydrophobic |
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Term
| Between which layers is the epidermal water barrier found? |
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Definition
| stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the epidermal water barrier? |
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Definition
| prevents dehydration - one of skin's main functions!! |
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Term
| What is the stratum lucidum? |
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Definition
| clear layer of thick skin found superficial to the stratum granulosum |
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Term
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Definition
| a clear intracellular protein densely packing the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum |
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Term
| What protein densely packs the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: the cells of the stratum lucidum have no nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| What unique qualities do the keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum have? |
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Definition
- densely packed with the translucent protein eleidin
- the cells have no nucleus or other organelles |
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Term
| Describe the stratum corneum |
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Definition
- up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
- top layer of the epidermis - the layer that sloughs off when you exfoliate |
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Term
| How many days does it take for a layer of surface cells of the stratum corneum to slough off? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the pace of exfoliation of the stratum corneum to change? |
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Definition
slows with old age
speeds up in injured or stressed skin |
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Term
| What causes thick corns or calluses? |
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Definition
| accumulation of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of excess sebum and flakes of dead keratinocytes from the stratum corneum |
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Term
| What does the stratum corneum help resist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Dermis? What does it contain? |
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Definition
| layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings |
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Term
| What is the thickness of the dermis? |
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Definition
| range from 0.2mm (thin skin like eyelids) to 4mm (thick skin of palms and soles) |
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Term
| What tissue types make up the dermis? |
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Definition
| collagen with elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts |
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Term
| What are dermal papillae? |
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Definition
| upward figerlike extensions of the dermis that project into the epidermis and increase the surface area of blood supply to the dermis |
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Term
| What causes fingerprints? |
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Definition
| Friction ridges on fingertips that take the shape of the dermal papillae pattern |
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Term
| What are the layers of the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more superficial, the papillary or reticular layer of the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of tissue makes up the papillary layer of the dermis? |
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Definition
| areolar tissue near the papilla |
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Term
| what purpose does the papillary layer serve? |
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Definition
| allows for the mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells should the epidermis break down - it's a defense layer! |
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Term
| What important vessels does the dermal papillary layer contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| which is thicker, the papillary or reticular layer of the dermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue makes up the reticular layer of the dermis? |
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Definition
| dense, irregular connective tissue |
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Term
| What causes stretch marks? |
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Definition
| tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin |
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Term
| What is the nature of the tissues in the hypodermis? |
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Definition
| mostly areolar and adipose |
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Term
| What is the function of the hypodermis? |
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Definition
| binds skin to underlying tissues |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a subcutaneous injection? |
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Definition
| the hypodermis is highly vascular and therefore absorbs drugs quickly and spreads them throughout the body |
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Term
| what purpose does subcutaneous fat serve? |
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Definition
| energy reservoir, thermal insulation |
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Term
| What is the most significant factor in skin color? |
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Definition
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Term
| what cells are involved in the production and storage of melanin? |
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Definition
| melanocytes produce melanin, but it is accumulated/stored in keratinocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What color is pheomelanin? |
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Definition
| reddish yellow; contains sulfur |
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Term
| What determines skin color? |
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Definition
| The amount of melanin produced in the melanocytes and accumulated in the keratinocytes (NOT the number of melanocytes - those are the same from color to color) |
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Term
| What else, besides heredity, can cause an increase in melanin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What function does melanin serve? |
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Definition
| protects the skin from absorbing too much UV - people in tropical climates need more because they have maximized sun exposure; people in arctic climates need less bc they need extra UV to help produce vitamin D |
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Term
| What are the NEGATIVE effects of UVR? |
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Definition
skin cancer
breaks down folic acid needed by the body for cell division, fertility, fetal development |
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Term
| What is the desirable effect of UVR? |
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Definition
| stimulates synthesis of vitamin D |
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Term
| Why do women on average have less melanin than men? |
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Definition
| Vitamin D and folic acid production are important to support pregnancy and lactation |
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Term
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Definition
| the red pigment of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
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