Term
| Evidence for DNA as the molecular basis of inheritance came from what three classical experiments? |
|
Definition
1) Griffith's transformation experiment
2) Avery's contribution to Griffith's work
3) Hershey-Chase experiment |
|
|
Term
| What experiment asked the question "can a genetic trait be transmitted from one bacterial strain to the other?" |
|
Definition
| 1) Griffith's transformation experiment of 1928 |
|
|
Term
| What experiment proposed the conclusion "some substance in the heat-killed S cells had transformed the living R cells into a virulent form"? |
|
Definition
| 1) Griffith's transformation experiment of 1928 |
|
|
Term
| Which experiment lysed S cells and separated cell contents into several fractions, and then tested each fraction to see if it could transform living R cells into S cells? |
|
Definition
| 1) Avery's experiments of 1944 |
|
|
Term
| Which experiment proposed the conclusion that "of all the fractions (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) only nucleic acids transformed R cells into S cells"? |
|
Definition
| 1) Avery's experiments of 1944 |
|
|
Term
| Which experiment asked the question "Is DNA or protein the genetic material in bacterial viruses?" |
|
Definition
| 1) Hershey-Chase experiments of 1952 |
|
|
Term
| Which experiment asked the question "Is DNA or protein the genetic material in bacterial viruses?" |
|
Definition
| 1) Hershey-Chase experiments of 1952 |
|
|
Term
| Which experiment proposed the conclusion "viral DNA enters the bacterial cells and is required for the synthesis of new viral particles and hence DNA is the genetic material"? |
|
Definition
| 1) Hershey-Chase experiments of 1952 |
|
|
Term
___________ experiment asked the question whether DNA or protein is the genetic material.
___________ experiment asked the question can a genetic trait be transmitted from one bacterial strain to the other.
___________ experiment asked the question what is the chemical substance that was responsible for transformation (dead to living cells) |
|
Definition
1) Avery's
2) Hershey's
3) Griffith's |
|
|
Term
| ___________ and ___________ integrated all the available information about DNA into a model that demonstrated how the molecule can both carry information for making proteins and serve as its own template for it's duplication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ is a polymer of nucleotides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is a polymer of ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Each nucleotide subunit contains:
1. ___________ ___________
-Either a purine (___________ or ___________) or a pyrimidine (___________, ___________, and ___________).
2. ___________ ___________
- ___________ or ___________ sugar
3. ___________ ___________ |
|
Definition
1) Nitrogenous base
2) Adenine
3) Guanine
4) Cytosine
5) Thymine
6) Uracil
7) Pentose sugar
8) Deoxyribose
9) Ribose
10) Phosphate group |
|
|
Term
To which carbon is the nitrogenous base attached to?
To which carbon is the phosphate group attached?
Is DNA positively charged or negatively charged? Why? |
|
Definition
1) The nitrogenous base is attached to the 1' end of the carbon skeleton
2) The phosphate group is attached to the 5' end on the carbon skeleton
3) DNA is negatively charged due to the presence of phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
| Deoxyribose sugar has a single ___________ atom at the ___________ carbon end while ribose sugar has a ___________ atom at the same location. |
|
Definition
1) Hydrogen
2) 2'
3) Hydroxide |
|
|
Term
| ___________ are nitrogenous bases with one ring while ___________ are nitrogenous bases with two. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify the differences between ribose and deoxyribose sugars. Which is found in DNA? RNA? |
|
Definition
| 1) Deoxyribose sugars have a single hydrogen atom attached to their 2' carbon end while ribose sugars have a hydroxide atom attached to their 2' carbon end. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the differences between the two nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines). |
|
Definition
| 1) Pyrimidines have one ring while purines have two rings. |
|
|
Term
Nucleotides join together through ___________ ___________ between the 5' and 3' carbon atoms to form nucleic acids; these bonds are ___________.
The 3' ___________ of the sugar group forms a bond with one of the ___________ charged ___________ of the phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of another sugar.
When many of these nucleotide subunits combine, the result is a large single-stranded polynucleotide or nucleic acid ___________. |
|
Definition
1) Phosphodiester linkages
2) Covalent
3) OH
4) Negatively
5) Charged
6) DNA |
|
|
Term
DNA is a ___________ ___________ molecule composed of two (2) polynucleotide chains which run in opposite directions (___________).
The ___________ is attached to the 5' deoxyribose carbon.
The ___________ is attached to the 3' deoxyribose carbon. |
|
Definition
1) Double helix
2) Antiparallel
3) Phosphate
4) Hydroxyl |
|
|
Term
___________ ___________ reveal the procedures for linking base pairs.
-___________(A) binds with ___________(T) and forms ___________ hydrogen bonds.
-___________(G) binds with ___________(C) and forms ___________ hydrogen bonds. |
|
Definition
1) Chargaff's Rules
2) Adenine
3) Thymine
4) Two
5) Guanine
6) Cytosine
7) Three |
|
|
Term
| If one of the strands is 3'-ACGTAC-5' the other strand will have the complementary sequence: ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A nucleotide subunit consists of all of the following except:
a. Nitrogenous base
b. Pentose sugar
c. Phosphate group
d. Purines or pyrimidines
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Purines include:
a. Adenine
b. Guanine
c. Cytosine
d. Thymine
e. Uracil
1. A & B
2. C, D & E
3. A, B & E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nucleotides join together through ___________ ___________ between the 5' and 3' carbon atoms to form nucleic acids. |
|
Definition
| 1) Phosphodiester linkages |
|
|
Term
| What bond is found between the nitrogenous bases of two DNA strands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The ___________ ___________ hypothesis asserted that DNA from the parental generations would become completely intertwined within the first generation.
The ___________ ___________ hypothesis asserted that the DNA of the parental generation would remain separate in the first generation.
The ___________ ___________ hypothesis asserted that the parental DNA would be dispersed evenly throughout the first generation. |
|
Definition
1) Semiconservative replication
2) Conservative replication
3) Dispersive replication |
|
|
Term
| The ___________-___________ experiment verified the mechanism for semi-conservative DNA replication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DNA replication always proceeds in the ___________ -> ___________ direction.
The ___________ ___________ is synthesized continuously.
The ___________ ___________ is synthesized discontinuously, and forms short ___________ ___________.
___________ ___________ synthesizes RNA primers.
___________ ___________ links Okazaki fragments. |
|
Definition
1) 5' -> 3' direction
2) Leading strand
3) Lagging strand
4) Okazaki fragments
5) DNA primase
6) DNA ligase |
|
|
Term
DNA replication occurs in the ___________ for prokaryotes and in the ___________ for eukaryotes.
The process is ___________ as it proceeds in both directions.
The ___________ chromosome may have multiple origins of replication and may replicate at many points at the same time.
DNA replication is an ___________ reaction and does not need additional energy. |
|
Definition
1) Cytoplasm
2) Nucleus
3) Bidirectional
4) Eukaryotic
5) Exergonic |
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___________ opens the double helix at replication forks by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________-___________ ___________ ___________ bind to single strands of DNA and prevent the helix from re-forming before it can be used as a template for replication. |
|
Definition
| 1) Single-strand binding proteins (SSB) |
|
|
Term
| ___________ break one or both DNA strands, preventing excessive DNA coiling during replication and then rejoining them in a more relaxed configuration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___________ links nucleotide subunits to form a new DNA strand from a DNA template. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___________ synthesizes short RNA primers on the lagging strand. Begins replication of the leading strand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___________ links Okazaki fragments by joining the 3' end of the new DNA fragment to the 5' end of the adjoining DNA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is RNA primer composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who synthesizes RNA primer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do leading and lagging strands both require RNA primer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Okazaki fragments? |
|
Definition
| 1) Short 100-200 nucleotide fragments added to the lagging strand. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___________ proofread each newly added nucleotide against its template nucleotide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ___________ links Okazaki fragments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of topoisomerase? |
|
Definition
| 1) Breaks DNA strands to prevent excessive cooling during replication, and then rejoins them in a relaxed configuration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Lengthen telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
DNA replication is ___________.
a. Semi-conservative
b. Dispersive
c. Conservative
d. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The primer that is needed to initiate synthesis of new DNA strands is:
a. DNA
b. Okazaki fragment
c. RNA
d. Protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A lagging strand forms by:
a. Joining leading strands
b. Joining primers
c. Joining Okazaki fragments
d. Breaking up leading strand |
|
Definition
| 1) c. Joining Okazaki fragments |
|
|
Term
| DNA synthesis always proceeds in ___________ to ___________ direction because the nucleotides are added by ___________ synthesis at the exposed ___________ end. |
|
Definition
1) 5' -> 3'
2) Condensation
3) Hydroxyl |
|
|
