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| approaching a religious tradition from the perspective of one of its branches, or confessions |
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| viewing a tradition as it develops over time |
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| literally, a beggar, and specifically, the religious who possessed no property and depended on others for sustenance |
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| the period in Jewish history between the return from the Babylonian Exile and the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E. when the Diaspora began |
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| Viewing a tradition at a particular period, without regard to earlier or later historical development |
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| the belief that one religion is divinely destined to prevail over others |
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| one who is sent, specifically, one of the Twelve sent out by Jesus to continue his work |
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| the dispersion of the Jews, especially after 70 C.E. |
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| one of a separatist ancient Jewish group which practiced rigorous asceticism and help apocalyptic and dualistic beliefs |
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| the ritual meal of bread and wine that unifies all believers in Jesus Christ; one of the sacraments |
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| the anointed one, the deliverer of the Jewish people, a unique instrument of God’s redemptive work |
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| the annual Jewish festival commemorating redemption from servitude in Egypt |
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| a member of one of the branches of 1st century Judaism, which consisted of separatists who emphasized ritual purity |
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| a spokesperson for God, a voice of criticism and exhortation to a people that has gone astray |
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| a teacher of Jewish lore and observance |
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| a member of one of the branches of 1st century Judaism, which emphasized written law and denied resurrection |
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| the dispersion of the Jews after the Roman conquest and the destruction of the Temple in 70 C.E. |
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| literally “hidden”; concerning parts of the Bible not accepted as canonical, which have been kept from general access but not discarded |
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| the authors of a set of early Christian writings said to originate in the community around Jesus |
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| authentic origins in the community of the fist apostles |
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| a chronicle of a leader’s or teacher’s excellent or unique qualities; literally, a record of a person’s virtues |
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| reconciliation between God and humanity, restoring the relationship spoiled by original sin; understood by Christians to have been achieved by Christ on the cross |
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| a fixed and authoritative set of writings |
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| a branch of early Christianity which held that God had revealed human destiny only to certain peope, who shared it as a secret knowledge |
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| a gift bestowed by God on believers; usually understood as salvation |
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| the texts (and the community) associated with the apostle John |
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| literally "word"; the mind of God in tangible form in the Incarnation; also, in Stoic philosophy, the active principle determining the world |
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| witnessing to one's beliefs by voluntarily enduring punishment or death |
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| the suffering of Jesus on the cross |
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| of the era or literature of Christianity from ca. 200 to ca. 600, the time of the Fathers (Latin, pater) of the church |
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| taking a general view of the whole; specifically, used to describe the first three gospels, which are structured similarly and have much content in common , and are thus able to be viewed in parallel |
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| one who practices the craft of interpreting divine revelation and the divine-human relationship |
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| the doctrine that God consists in three "Persons": Father, Son, and Holy Spirit |
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| the tradition within biblical literature that contains practical advice and insights about the nature of the world |
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| a 4th-century heresy denying that Christ was fully divine and coexisted with the Father before time |
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| the doctrine of Christ; thought and writing about the nature and work of the second Person of the Trinity |
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| a statement of belief, often recited by a congregation as an affirmation of the commonly held faith |
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| a 2nd-century heresy stating that Jesus only appeared to have suffered and died |
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| a doctrine counter to the teachings of the universal church |
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| God taking human form in the person of Jesus |
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| the creed formulated at the Council of Nicaea in 325; it affirms the Trinity and censures Arianism |
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| the title for a leader of episcopal rank, mainly in the Eastern Church |
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| a religious system in which many deities coexist |
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| the historical link from one of the Twelve, transmitted by Christian leaders down the generations to the present day; for churches, having been founded by or possessing a relic of an apostle |
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| an overseer of a group of churches, with authority over clergy of individual parishes |
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| an assembly, usually principally of bishops but including other clergy, for defining doctrine and disciplining those dangerous to the church |
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| a member of the clergy charged with assisting priests and bishops, especially in charitable and material matters |
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| a woman charged with the care of certain members of a parish - usually the sick and the poor |
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| a bishop's jurisdicition, comprising a number of individual churches, or parishes |
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| adhering to teachings in conflict with those of the universal church; schismatic |
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| faithful to the teachings of the church; also used as the name of the Eastern Church |
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| a band of fabric worn by the bishop of Rome and other bishops consecrated by him |
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| a band of fabric worn by the bishop of Rome and other bishops consecrated by him |
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| the bishop of the "first" see in a national church; the chief bishop of a given people or state |
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| collections of sayings by the Desert Fathers, taken down and disseminated by their followers |
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| any form of self-discipline practiced for a spiritual end; often a life of strict self-denial |
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| of the communal monastic life (from the Greek koinos bios, common life) |
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| the inner colonnade of a monastery; the term is often used for the religious life generally |
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| a monastery established in the early 10th century; it becaame the center of a network of houses seeking a return to the Benedictine ideal |
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| monks who lived in isolation in the desert; the earliest Christian hermits |
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| of the solitary monastic life (from the Greek eremos, desert) |
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| a member of a monastic community who helps in the work of the house and shares in its religious life, taking vows of celibacy and obedience, but is exempt from the study required of monks or nuns |
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a movement aimed at correcting the corruptions of a monastic establishment and restoring the life to its original form
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| the governing document of a monastery, setting times and tasks for the community |
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| a defender of Christian teachings, usually with philosophical arguments |
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| to declare somebody a saint or grant special authority to a book or set of books |
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| that part of theology concerned with judgment and the afterlife |
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| a late-antique philosophy holding that the present material world of dividedness is on a path toward union with the One |
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| a convert, often one prompted by missionary efforts |
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| a council that met in 664 and symbolically unified the English Church by fixing the date for Easter observance |
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| dwelling within, pervading; a belief in God's immanence holds that the divine is present to human experience |
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| a follower of John Wycliffe; any member of a loosely organized anticlerical sect in late 14th and 15th century England |
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| a philosophical and theological doctrine holding that individuals, and the terms denoting them, are ultimately real |
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| a philosophical and theological doctrine which teaches that only abstractions are ultimately real |
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| priesets who do not belong religious orders |
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| the wounds on hands, feet, and side that have marked certain holy men, among them Francis of Asisi |
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| receiving the wounds that jesus bore during the Crucifixion |
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| the theological position that all that exists, including the Incarnation and the church, has come about through the will (Latin, voluntas) of God |
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| popular hostility to the clergy, often in the form of satirizing their imagined gluttony and sexual habits |
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| a Reformation doctrine holding that only belief in Christ's atonement is necessary and sufficient for salvation |
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| Priesthood of all Believers |
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Definition
| a lutheran doctrine stating that all Christians are equal before God and share a holy or "priestly" mission |
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| a doctrine which teaches that the believer is saved solely by divine means - grace - and not through any amount of human effort |
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| a theological principle that seeks to base all doctrine in scriptural revelation; it is associated with 16th centure Protestantism |
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| a political doctrine that grants secular rulers absolute control over religious (and other) affairs in their territories |
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| the appearance of any material thing, irrelevant to its true nature and purpose |
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| a member of a Protestant sect that emerged in Germany in 1521; its adherents insisted on believers' (adult) baptism and moral purity in the community |
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| the rejection of law as a norm in the Christian life, based on the idea that Christ abolished legalism |
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| the 1530 declaration of Lutheran beliefs, presented at the Diet of Augsburg; it became the basis for later Lutheran teaching |
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| the Lutheran Eucharistic doctrine holding that bread and wine take on properties of Christ's body and blood, but still remain bread and wine |
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Definition
| the Lutheran Eucharistic doctrine holding that bread and wine take on properties of Christ's body and blood, but still remain bread and wine |
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Definition
| the composing and performing of hymns; in some branches of the church, an important expression of faith |
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| a set of 15 statements intended to unify Lutherans and Zwinglians in 1529; their disagreement over the Eucharist prevented concord |
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| the 1529 debate between Luther and Zwingli about the Eucharist; an early point of rupture withing Protestantism |
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| the Eucharistic doctrine teaching that the bread and wine are purely symbols of Christ's body and blood |
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| a federation of Protestant states formed for protection against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire |
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| what any given thing ultimately is, beneath changeable appearances |
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| The Catholic Eucharistic doctrine holding that bread and wine are transformed into the body and blood of Christ |
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| the 1536 joint statement on the Eucharist by Lutheran and Reformed theologians; the accord failed soon thereafter |
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| a 17th century cultural movement associated with Counter-Reformation Catholicism, characterized by exuberance in painting, music, and architecture |
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| a comprehensive manual of religious instruction in question-and-answer form, usually for the young |
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| a reformed Spanish branch of the medieval Carmelite order with a strong devotional and mystical strain; their austerity is indicated by "discalced" (literally, "shoeless") |
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| Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
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Definition
| a religious order founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola and a band of followers; it emphasized pastoral care and "recovery" of the faithful from Protestantsim |
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| a view of justification associated with Lutheranism, holding that each believer is granted salvation by divine declaration and with no individual effort |
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| a strict form of Catholicism dominant in France in the 17th century; it emphasized a radical doctrine of original sin and the necessity for grace |
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| a late 17th and 18th century revival within Lutheranism, characterized by extraliturgical devotions and preaching focused on love |
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| a strict form of Catholicism in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, emphasizing human sinfulness and denying any goodness in human actions outside of the church |
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| a 17th century philosophical movement striving to limit all truth to that which can be proved deductively |
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| a 17th century philosophical movement questioning all beliefs and subjecting them to rational proof; also (more rarely) the denial that anything at all can be known with certainty |
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| changing from one religion or spiritual state to another; within Christianity, making or renewing one's dedication to christ and the work of the church |
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| an American revival movement of the early 18th century, stressing repentance and conversion |
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| divinely ruled; under theocratic governance a state is ruled by clerical authorities and its principles are determined by religious priorities |
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| the notion that membership of a church must have an element of personal choice to be meaningful; a reaction against the imposition of any one religion by a higher authority |
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| A denomination that grew out of revival within the Anglican Church associated with John and Charles Wesley; it focuses on emotional piety and centers around the sermon |
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| in Enlightenment thought, a belief holding that nature presented sufficient evidence of the existence of God |
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| belief in the existence of God; during the Enlightenment, a view of the divine as an abastract metaphysical principle rather than a supernatural personal agent |
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| any of the various forms or sects of Christianity |
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| a form of Christianity centered around waves of conversion and repentance sweeping through regions; it is characterized by passionate preaching, "tent meetings," and emotional affirmations of faith |
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| an agreement; specifically, one between the Vaticn and a European state, identifying political and ecclesiastical jurisdictions in secular society |
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| the Roman Catholic doctrine that the Virgin mary was free of sin even at the point of her own conception; despite long historical tradition, this was first promulgated in 1854 |
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| Neo-Scholasticism (Neo-Thomism) |
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| a theological movement originating in a late 19th century revival of the ideas of Thomas Aquinas; it was the dominant school of Catholic thought in the early 20th century |
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| a movement within the Reformation that denied the doctrine of the Trinity and held that Jesus was a human servant of a unified deity; it gained ground in the United States in the 19th century |
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| an early 20th century European movement empowering lay Catholics in social and educational work |
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| a branch of German Protestantism during WWII which opposed Nazism and its takeover of the Christian establishment |
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| a group of German clergy who saw in Nazism the fulfillment of nationalist ideas; collaborators who "consecrated" Nazi banners and symbols |
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| the teaching office of the Roman Catholic Church; the theologians and hierarchy who protect the dogmas held by the Catholic faithful |
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| a 20th century Protestant movement reviving stringent Reformation-era conceptions of original sin and the harmful potential of human organizations |
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| a primitive form of church, current in Latin America, which brings together the marginalized and stresses hope for some form of redemption |
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| a term popularized by Karl Rahner for believers in a sovereign and merciful God who might not explicitly believe in Christ himself |
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| an assembly of the highest officials, below the pope, in the Catholic church; the electoral body for the papacy |
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| a council of the roman Catholic Church (1962-65) charged with modernizing ritual, organization, and relations with other faiths |
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| Marriage is a life of worry; If possible, remain celibate-"He who marries does well, He who refrains does better" |
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| concern to sexuality led to this |
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| person attempts to live apart from the rest of the world, more specifically to practice their faith; communities were made |
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| Monastic monk who gathered monks for demanding work |
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| followed the Benedictine Rule; ruled out some of the manual labor; movement spread out |
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| founded a mendicant religious order which viewed monastic corruption as a result of wealth; set up hospitals |
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| understood as Jesus charging his disciples to take his teachings to others |
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| inducing someone else to have a different view point, not necessarily about Christianity; to induce someone to convert to one's faith. The effort to change a person from one opinion; the making of converts. Contains an element of compulsion |
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| the preaching or promulgation of the gospel; necessarily associated with Christianity; does not necessarily entail compulsion |
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| missionary famous in Germany; Christians learn Latin since it's the language of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| Factors leading up to Luther |
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| dissatisfaction with church (corruption, anti-clericalism, laity antagonistic for the priests) |
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| English priest; believed the Bible should be written in vernacular view; Bible should be available in a common language to people; emphasized bread and wine communion (laity only used to get wine) |
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| legal document explaining the conditions under which Spain could declare war on Native Americans |
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| 1455-issued by Pope Nicholas V; pope help spiritual authority over every human being, and in which he banned all nations but Portugal from going to lands in Africa claimed by Portugal; Portugal later cites this bull as the basis of its claims in the Americas |
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| 1493-issued by Pope Alexander VI; a bull creating an imaginary line the divides down the continent of South America, and allocating the larger region to Portugal and the small region to Spain |
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| granted Spain and Portugal a more equal portion of the South American continent |
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| church and state are 2 separate covenants between God and the people; church officials could not serve as political officials and vice versa; church and state are to be close and compact; |
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| represented by Roger Williams RI; wild variety of theological beliefs; advocated the protection of the liberty of conscience of every individual and the freedom of association of every religious group; thus, government is to free all religion from law |
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| Enlightenment Contribution |
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Definition
| represented by Voltaire, Locke, Madison, Jefferson; religion is a matter of private reason and conscience; natural right; civil leaders and community were committed to a common Christianity |
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| opposed religious intrusions on politics and vice versa; represented by John Adams, Benjamin Rush, and Washington; advocated liberty of conscience for all and state support for a plurality of religions |
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| Enlightenment thinkers found all with this group |
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| Republicans found allies with these group |
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| denied biblical literalism and inerrancy, accepted evolution; able to allow their religious beliefs to adapt to cultural changes |
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| affirmed the "fundamentals" of Christianity |
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| less open to change than modernists, but more open than fundamentalists |
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