CRSA
Earlier models - Eusebius, Augustine, Chrodogang, Ivo of Chartres

lived in the midst of the world, not away from everyone

Lateran Council of 1059 - Rule of St. Augustine

Emphasis:  love, unity, concord

Pope Urban II

St. Anthony, Antony

 founder Anchoritic monasticism;

born ~251

*Adeodatus

Goths

Sacked Rome, From southern Scandinavia, moved south to Poland

Invaded Asia minor

Vandals

Adopted Arian Christianity, Raids & vandalism, Occupied Hungary to Eastern Austria

Lombards

Invaded Italy, forcing Constantinople to develop alliance with papacy & Frankish kingdom, Bought off by Pelagius II to stop siege of Rome

Anglo-Saxons

Converted in the 6^th century to Orthodox Christianity

Huns

Called scourge of God by other barbarians

*Against Heresies

*Aristotelianism

*Bumper sticker: Outside of the church there is no salvation

*Bumper sticker: The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church

*Bumper sticker: What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?

*Clement of Alexandria

The most noted pupil of Pantaenus, Head Teacher, at The Catechetical School in Alexandria.  He had an eager mind and Alexandria was the perfect place for him

*Constantine

·         Defeated Licinius in 324

·         Became sole ruler of Roman Empire

·         Converted to Christianity

*Constantinople

Byzantium

Became capital city of Roman empire

"I became myself to a barren land."

"Not free not to sin."

studied astrology, X and Y and came to reject them

*Cyprian of Carthage

·         His writings are among the best Christian literature of the time.

·         AWOL during persecution – thought that his duty was to flee to a secure place with other leaders of the church during the time of persecution.  He continued to guide his flock through extensive correspondence.  This was seen by many as an act of cowardice.  His own authority was questioned, and there were many who claimed that the confessors of Carthage, who had suffered for their faith, had more authority than he did, particularly when it came to the question of the restoration of the lapsed.

·         “On the Lapsed” – a treaty written by Cyprian stating that whether one is guilty is left up to God and God alone. 

wrote “On the Unity of the Church” – said that the Church of Christ will be one and unified; that the guarantee of unity comes from the Bishop, where there is the core of unity; if you forsake the Bishop, you forsake the Church.  If you forsake the Church, it is to forsake salvation. 

*Decius

  Reinstituted emperor worship to solve all the many problems facing the Roman empire.

·         He ordered systematic persecution.  Everyone had to have a “Libellus” (certificate) or face being persecuted.  This is where the “Libellus” became a problem because people began to get them any way they could, even if fraudulently.

*Diatesseron

*Diocletian

Roman Emperor who reorganized the Empire and brought renewed prosperity.

·         His strategy was to place the government on upon four emperors:

o   East: Diocletian (Augustus) and Galerius (Caesar)

o   West: Maxentius (Augustus) and Constantius (Caesar)

·         The main purpose behind this was to have orderly succession.  The Caesar would succeed the Augustus in the event of a vacancy; then, the new Augustus would fill the Caesar vacancy.  The benefit from this was to avert the frequent civil wars because of succession questions.  This hope proved futile.

*Docetism

*Domitian

·    revitalized emperor worship, all citizens had to pay homage to him and any who refused were charged with treason and atheism. Those who refused were thrown to the lions.

*Donatism

*Edict of Milan

*First Apology of Justin Martyr

written to Emperor Antonius Pius

dated 150-155

purpose was to prove to emperor importance of Christianity

*Heresy

*I Nicaea

325, Creed of Nicaea

Condemnation of Arianism

Dating of Easter

Church organization and polity

*Justin Martyr

1^st Major Apologist

Tried to show connection between Christianity and classical wisdom

stood up for his religion with courage; hence the name

Philosophical Pursuits = Platonism, aristotleianism, pythagoreanism, stoicism

”Be careful while walking on the beach”

Equated Christianity with oldest, best philosophy - Platonism

Christian Apologies – to the Emperor, punish only for “real” crimes, not just because of the name as a Christian; to the Senate – Christians have good citizenship; “Dialogue with Tryhpo” – AD 160

Christianity is the universal religion – “Doctrine of the Logos”; the 4^th Gospel.

*Milvian Bridge 

Constantine's forces killed one of his two rivals in battle.  Near Rome or leads into Rome

where Constantine had his Chi Rho vision

312 AD

*Muratorian Canon

*Mystery Cults

 religious cults of the Greco-Roman world, participation in which was reserved toinitiates.^[1] The main characterization of this religion is the secrecy associated with the particulars of the initiation and the cult practice, which may not be revealed to outsiders

*Novatian

·         desire was to return to “apostolic church”

·         maintained that there was no forgiveness for post baptismal sin.

·         He clashed with the Bishop of Rome, Cornelius, because in his opinion the lapsed were being readmitted too easily. 

·         Because of the Roman Emperor Decius’ persecution and the question of the lapsed, the readmission to the church was allowed, even through the use of a certificate = “Libellus”

*On First Principles

Origen

*On the Lapsed

*On the Unity of the Church

*Origen of Alexandria

*Platonism

*Tatian

·         wrote “An Address to the Greeks” – a formal attack on all that the Greeks considered valuable, and a defense of the “barbaric” Christians. 

·         Wrote “Diatesseron” where he added John to the “Gospel Harmony” which was originally written by Justin Martyr.

*Tertullian

• One of first early apologies
• Christianity is the divine foolishness (i.e., the Son of God died, was buried and rose again; humans cannot do this). 
• philosophy and theology do not mix.  What has Athens (Greek philosophy) to do with Jerusalem (Christianity)?   . 
• Theology – “Innate spark” (imago Dei) –that innate spark of reason (divinity) how you grow – faith, live the life of the church, and we then become competitors for salvation to earn the salvation of God.  The blood of the martyr is the seed of the church. 
• our morality is in competition for salvation in earning the favor of God.  It expresses deep conviction of sin.  We get salvation through grace, but there is still a lot for us to do.
• talks of the trinity in his Apology where he defines the trinity as God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.  They are a unit but there is a mystery and it is still bargained.  They three are in power, but not in appearance.  It is one substance, one power, and one essence.  In describing it, the Son and the Holy Spirit are subordinate to God the Father.  Priority goes with the Father, then down to the Son.  The Father existed before the Son.
• two years after telling the Emperor about the Christians, he became dissatisfied with the Christian religion:
•  dissatisfaction with the church caused him to embrace Montanism; 

*Valentinius

·         Wrote Gospel of Truth
Part of Gnoticism

Old Roman Symbol

followed rule of St. Benedict

est. at Monte Cassino

became the standard for Western Monasticism

Anselm of Canterbury

translates to "Why did God become man?"

proposed satisfaction view of atonement

aka Adoptionism

Jesus was eternal Son of the Father, but, according to his humanity, was only son by adoption

True adoptionism claims Jesus was a “mere man” whom God had adopted

-gluttony

-fornication

-avarice

-sorrow

-anger

-vainglory

-pride

-accidie

Gregory IX

est. Inquisition

381

Creed of Nicaea plus additions 

Condemnation of Arianism

Condemnation of Marcellus

553

Condemned Monophysites

787

Condemnation of iconoclasts

Images worthy of veneration but not worship

681

Condemned monothelites

love icons, illustrations, pictures

Marian doctrine

grace given at beginning of Mary's life
special preparation of Mary
no sin or anything stained with sin can stand for God

right intention for the love of God and neighbor

legitimate proclamation

Believed the human predicament is the presence in each of us of two principles: light (spiritual) and darkness (matter). Somehow, the 2 have mingled and the present human condition is the result. Salvation consists in separating 2 elements & preparing our spirit for its return to the realm of pure light in which it will be absorbed. Any new mingling of principles is evil – true believers must not procreate.

Marian doctrine

Mary is the mediator between God and humanity

poverty

chastity

obedience

Patriarch Sergius of Constantinople proposed that while there are indeed 2 natures in Christ, there is only one will.

In Christ, the divine will took the place of the human will.

Gained the support of Pope Honorius

Christological heresy

*Montanism

Christians who fell from grace could not be redeemed

went to Phrygia because they believed that was where the second coming would be

*Nero

 Blamed Christians for burning of Rome.

said the Christians were haters of the human race – that their God would punish those who punish the believers, thus making others liable to terrible tragedies

*Novatianism

held a strict view that refused readmission to communion of Lapsi, those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed the formalities of a ritual sacrifice to the pagan gods, under the pressures of the persecution sanctioned by Emperor Decius, in AD 250.

 became Coptic Moses

received bronze tablet with rule

founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism

Eucharistic Theology
argued with Radbertus - God has chosen some and granted them grace to do good works

Christ died for the elect, not all

Christology is Antiochiene - God predestined for punishment for sin not the sin itself

love of God

unanimity

prayer

common property

"yes and no"

Peter Abelard

pitted fathers' theories against each other (A says X, B says Y), then asked students to make a decision

of the Statics (human statues)

people of pillar

-investigation

-evaluation

-veneration

-beatification

-sanctification

Thomas Aquinas

 meant to summarize the history of the cosmos and provide an outline for the meaning of life itself.

This order is cyclical. It begins with God and His existence in Question 2. The entire first part of the Summa deals with God and His creation, which reaches its zenith in man. The First Part therefore ends with the treatise on man.

The second part of the Summa deals with man's purpose, the meaning of life, which is Happiness. The Ethics detailed in this part summarize the ethics (Aristotelian in nature) which man must follow to reach his intended destiny.

Since no man on his own can truly live the perfect ethical life, and therefore reach God, it was necessary that a Perfect man bridge the gap between God and man. Thus God became man. The third part of the Summa therefore deals with the life of Christ.

In order to follow the way prescribed by this Perfect Man, in order to live with God's grace, which is necessary for man's salvation, the Sacraments have been provided, and the final part of the Summa considers the Sacraments.

Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

An Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

-ransom (Christ offered as ransom for all souls)

-satisfaction (emphasizes honor of God; humanity owed God)

-moral influence (emphasizes God's love; Jesus came to show us how to love each other)

-government (emphasizes God as law-giver)

penal-substitution (Jesus suffered in our place)

Summa Theologica

__________

5 proofs of God:

causality

contingency

motion

perfection

purpose

-loyalty

-piety

-frankness

-bravery

-honor

-contempt of death

-helpfulness to poor

-respect for church

hermit-like

in seclusion

Greek title of Mary, mother of Jesus

God-bearer

451

Affirmed Creed of Nicaea plus additions from Constantinople

True God, true man - one being

Theotokos 

Destroyer of images

born 1265

possibly named after John the Evangelizer

(not much in my notes on this)

Sabellius said Jesus was a temporary form of God for our benefit

Father, Son and spirit are not eternal distinctions but adjectival titles only

            One God with three names to describe His multiple roles (“costumes”)

(aka Sabellianism)

a set of beliefs that emphasize God as being one person.

 The term was given to Christians who upheld the "monarchy" of God against the Logos theology of Justin Martyr and apologists who had spoken of Jesus as a second divine person begotten by God the Father before the creation of the universe.

Condemned by II Constantinople in 553

Maintained that Christ had only one nature

-humanity absorbed into the divine nature

Main strongholds: Egypt, Syria (within borders of Byzantine Empire)

Coptic Church (body of monophysite)

Armenian church (body of monophysite)

Agreed with Constantine that God has made us free and that the source of evil is in the will Human beings always have the ability to overcome their sin, otherwise sin would be excusable.

Each of us comes to the world with complete freedom to sin or not to sin.

No such thing as original sin nor a corruption of human nature that forces us to sin.

Children have no sin until they use their free will to decide to sin.

one of several methods of fixing the date of the Easter holiday.

Augustus

Roman Emperor (d. AD 14).  Established the Empire, worship of state/emperor.

Valentinian Gnosticism

the same substance. 

Three fold ministry

Pre-millenialism (of Montanus)

Recapitulation theory of the atonement

Polycarp

The teacher of Irenaeus, who admired Polycarp throughout his life.  In Irenaeus’ writings, he often spoke of an “old man” or a presbyter, whose name is not given, but who is probably Polycarp.

Phrygia

Perpetua and Felicity

Paul of Samosata

elected bishop of Antioch in 260

taught monarchianism

Pagan religion of Rome

Montanus

 Montanus said he had been possessed by the Holy Spirit; and, that he and his followers claimed that their movement was the beginning of a new age (that the last days were beginning when the spirit was given to him/Pricilla and Maximilla – two women who also began prophesying they had been possessed by the Holy Spirit.

Marconite Gnosticism

Marcion

·         Had a profound dislike for both Judaism and the material world.  He therefore developed a position that was both anti-Jewish and anti-material. 

·         Started church in Rome around 144 AD which eventually rivaled orthodox church

·         redeemer God versus the Creator God:  He believed that there was a radical separation of law and gospel. He was convinced that the world was evil and concluded that God must be either evil or ignorant.

·         the Creator God (Jewish God in the OT) and the Redeemer God (the Father of Jesus Christ) are not the same God.  It was Jehovah the OT God that made this world; and, either through ignorance or out of evil intent, He made this world and placed humankind in it. 

·         Jesus did not come from a material body - which he was not born of a woman; he just suddenly appeared at the age of 30, not taking on human flesh, but appeared to be human.  He was divine because he digested divinity.  He was the grace that entered the human so that humankind could have religion to achieve salvation.  

Irenaus

2^nd Major Apologist

wrote "Against Heresies" (Three messages: a. world was created by one God; b. Jesus Christ will come to save all; c. the resurrection.)

Recapitulation theory of the atonement – view that Christ was the new Adam; Mary was the second Eve; trees in the Garden of Eden are that versus the Cross; Adam is that versus Jesus; and, Eve is that versus Mary.  The emphasis is on the obedience to God.

Ignatius of Antioch

Alexandria

Claimed apostolic roots in rivalry with Rome and Antioch

Claimed St. Mark founded a church here

Meeting place for scholars, philosophers, charlatans and adventurers

Most active intellectual center of its time

Trade center

Syncrestistic spirit of the time reached its high point here

Theological trend emerged here (and elsewhere) to show connection of Christianity and classical philosophy

Five major Episcopal cities in the 2^nd century

Rome, Byzantium, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria

Gnosticism

1. The notion of a remote, supreme monadic divinity, source - this figure is known under a variety of names, including 'Pleroma' (fullness, totality) and 'Bythos' (depth, profundity);
2. The introduction by emanation of further divine beings, which are nevertheless identifiable as aspects of the God from which they proceeded; the progressive emanations are often conceived metaphorically as a gradual and progressive distancing from the ultimate source, which brings about an instability in the fabric of the divine nature;
3. The introduction of a distinct creator God or demiurge. Which is an illusion and as a later emanation from the single monad or source, this second God is a lesser and inferior or false God. This creator god is commonly referred to as the demiourgós (a technical term literally denoting a public worker the Latinized form of Greek dēmiourgos, δημιουργός, hence "ergon or energy", "public God or skilled worker" "false God" or "God of the masses"), used in the Platonist tradition.^[14

Didache

The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles

a brief early Christian treatise

Evagrius of Pontus

Developed a theology: come to a state of apathy,  throwing stones at/kissing statue – be like statue

8 thoughts/temptations (later became 7 deadly sins)

§  gluttony

§  fornication

§  avarice

§  sorrow

§  anger

§  vainglory

§  pride

§  accidie

Mystic steps

§  purgation

§  illumination

§  union

Dialogue with Trypho

Canon of the Lord and the Apostle

Donatus

·         Donatist schism – theological = questioned whether certain ordinations were valid b/c if Caecilian had yielded, it didn’t count