evolution

religious map changing

secularization

industrialization/urbanization in America

academic disciplines "neutral" to religion

higher biblical criticism

study of comparative religion

growth of feminism

Charles Darwin

Origin of the Species 1859

based on primary sources and laboratory analysis

moved away from tradition

knowledge found in science

*primacy of reason

*primacy of religious experience

God works through natural events

focus on natural revelation not special revelation

optimistic

we're born with a blank slate

you can choose to be good or bad

elevated status of human capabilities

Jesus was fully human

not fully divine (homoousios)

Jesus was fully God-conscious

Schleiermacher - liberalism

Jesus "functions" as divine

the more you're like Jesus, the closer to God

"ladder of truth"

Christianity not the only true rel, but highest

Christianity has full truth

universalism

today, belief favors pluralism

multiple ways to get to heaven

Bible is a record of human understanding of God

human book not divinely inspired text

may contain historical or theological error

written by Karl Barth

neoorthodox

longest theological book of the 20th century

Bible is the record of the revelation of God

Bible becomes the word

Bible's theological message is reliable

inclusive - everyone can be included in God's salvation (even if they've never heard it)

not exclusive and not pluralism

Reinhold Niebuhr

neoorthodox

affirms sinfulness of all humanity

"sin is inevitable but not necessary"

Adam and Eve story is a paradigm (model)

sin as pride - story of truth, relatable

creation narrative is truth but not literally true

(smallest group)

women keep silent in church

in some churches women can teach childen

homemaker

bible read literally; applied literally today

(most popular)

women can be take part in ministries as long as they don't involve spiritual authority over men

(youth, music - not theology, pastor)

bible read literally; applied literally today

some women might work outside of the home

man is the head of the household/spiritual leader

(2nd largest - gaining popularity)

biblical equality/feminism

women can have any ministry position

read bible literally; don't apply literally

equal partners in decision making in the home

each family works out various tasks

negative term

oppressive

hermeneutic of suspicion

God and gender

language of bible is male, written by males - be suspicious

Julian of Norwich

inclusive language to God

1960s

radical feminist

Seneca Falls 1848 (women's rights convention)

"I do, but I don't obey" (marriage)

God as Father and Mother (God is spirit, transcends gender, inclusive language)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton - 1895

biblical commentary written by women

hermeneutic of suspicion

use feminine language for God

most radical groups reject the Bible completely and have "Woman-Church"

age of big business, urbanization, industrialization

profit motive

"the market, not ethics, determines the price"

lots of issues (wages, working conditions, strikes, housing, child labor)

1889

The Gospel of Wealth

God blesses the rich

poor deserve their plight

immanence of God (He is always active)

postmillennial (Jesus will come and bring peace)

Charles Sheldon & Walter Rauschenbusch

social gospel leader

In His Steps 1986 (criticized church's social failures)

"What Would Jesus Do?"

leader of the social gospel

pastor of a German baptist congregation in Hell's Kitchen, NY

professor of church history at Colgate-Rochester

Christianity and the Social Crisis

A Theology of the Social Gospel

Walter Rauschenbusch - 1917

realizing kingdom of God on earth

kingdom of evil-sin is selfishness (profit motive)

redeem social structures - social salvation

fix prisons, proper wages/working conditions

Bible is social gospel

social gospel is message of the OT prophets

Jesus loved the poor & taught social gospel

attacked capitalism and Andrew Carnegie

born in Atlanta, Georgia

Morehouse College 1948

Master of Divinity, Crozer Seminary 1951

PhD in Theology, Boston University 1955

1954

Montgomery, Alabama

1955-1956

Rosa Parks

385 days

MLK becomes leader

1957

MLK and others form to work for civil rights

advocate non-violent approach

Atlanta, Georgia

MLK becomes co-pastor with his father

1960

"Bomb"ingham - most segregated city in South

MLK requested by Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth

Letter from Birmingham Jail

pastor, Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham)

formed the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights

both his house and church were bombed

followers considered him divinely chosen

invited MLK to Birmingham in 1963

Martin Luther King Jr.

April 16, 1963

disappointment with white moderates

color blind society

civil disobedience

an unjust law is no law

a just law accords with God's Law

Martin Luther King Jr.

March on Washington

speech given August 28, 1963

April 4, 1968

Lorraine Motel

Memphis, Tennessee

fundamentalism at home

liberalism - goodness of man, power of reason

Niebuhr on sin

Rauschenbusch and social gospel

Civil Rights Movement and social gospel

MLK

spirit of Jesus' teachings

Gandhi's nonviolent methods

cycle of hate must be broken

hate the sin, not the sinner

non-retaliation

50 days after Passover

gift of the Holy Spirit given

birth of the Church

"the baptism of the Holy Spirit"

they spoke a language they did not know when they were filled with the Holy Spirit in order to preach the gospel to "the ends of the earth"

God gave them a gift to communicate with people they normally would not be able to

they spoke divinely given ecstatic speech which was understood as human languages by the hearers

the listener has the gift to understand

*Pentecostals focus on this as the dominant expression of speaking in tongues

the practice of tongues is still a gift for believers today

it was an identifying practice in Acts and 1 Corinth

tongues was a way to help give birth to the Church but the gift has ceased

OR

tongues is a gift for some but other gifts are more important

from the Wesleyan/Methodist Movement

sanctification was spoken of as "baptism of the Holy Spirit"

never said that tongues or a specific sign was the indisputable sign to the reception of Spirit baptism

(Church of Nazarenes)

"First Founder" 1901

Holiness "divine healer" opened Bethel School in Topeka, Kansas

claimed tongues was evidence of the baptism of Holy Spirit

speaks of Apostolic Faith

"Second Founder" 1906

Holiness background

African-American

student in Parham's school in Houston

preaches tongues

Azusa Street Revival

1906

led by William J. Seymour

tongues, prophecy, being slain in spirit, healings, 24 hour prayer

famous leader in the 1920s

radio evangelist

(pentecostals allowed women preachers)

foursquare gospel

sometimes called the "tongues movement"

1. conversion

2. baptism of Holy Spirit (tongues is the sign)

3. divine healing

4. imminent return of Christ

*only difference from Holiness tradition is that tongues was the definite sign

baptism of the Holy Spirit - sign is tongues

prophecy

divine healing

miracles

tongues as private prayer langueage

literal application of the book of Acts

imminent return of Christ

exuberant worship

conservative theology

full gospel

healing in the atonement

Jesus the Healer

William Branham, Oral Roberts, Benny Hinn

Assemblies of God

Church of God in Christ (African-American)

one who remains in a non-pentecostal denomination but affirms the beliefs about the gifts of the Spirit

don't insist that tongues is the only official sign of the baptism of the Holy Spirit

"Jesus blesses believers with riches"

Kenneth Copeland

Bishop Eddie Long

*inerrancy

militantly separatist

identified Christianity with having correct doctrine

anti-evolution

key belief

absolute infallibility of the Bible

the Bible's original manuscripts are completely free of error

plenary verbal inspiration

Bible is "revelation", divinely inspired

no historical, scientific or theological errors

Charles Hodge and the "Princeton theologians"

plenary = full

Bible is "verbally inspired"

every word is the word that God wanted in the scripture

focus on affirming the theological message of the Bible rather than trying to prove the historical accuracy of every biblical detail

biblical criticism demonstrated the inadequacy of the theory of inerrancy

militantly separatist

(fundamentalism)

no toleration of diversity

"my way or no way"

must separate from people who corrupt you

won't cooperate with people of other beliefs

identified Christianity with having correct doctrine

(fundamentalism)

must adhere to doctrinal propositions (sign the creed) in order to be orthodox

there's one correct view of certain doctrines

experience is 2nd to the importance of doctrines

Northern Presbyterians

Northern Baptists

1. inerrancy

2. virgin birth and deity of Christ

3. substitutionary atonement

4. bodily resurrection of Jesus

5. miracles of Christ - "second coming"

stop teaching evolution in schools

impose creed

(conservatives wanted to cooperate with liberals to unify their denominations)

"Shall the Fundamentalists Win?"

preached about tolerance and liberty

"all fundamentalists are conservatives but not all conservatives are fundamentalists"

forced out of Presbyterian church

"if fundamentalism is orthodoxy, I'd be embarrassed not to be a heretic"

formed Riverside Church with John Rockefeller

most famous southern fundamentalist

First Baptist Church in Ft Worth

Texas cyclone

attacked Baylor over issue of evolution

1925 Dayton, TN

trial of the century

over teaching evolution in schools

William Jennings Bryan was attacked for defending the bible and made a fool of

1864

issued under Pope Pius IX

comprehensive attack against modernism

issued in 1870 under Pope Pius IX

reaffirmed faith over reason

papal infallibility

ex cathedra - infallible on ?s of faith/morals

primacy of pope affirmed

elected at 77 years old (1958-1963)

expected to be a transitional/caretaker pope

restoration of the name John

calls for worldwide council

aggiornamento

16 documents produced

vernacular liturgy instead of strictly Latin mass

communion in both kinds

new emphasis on scripture and sermon

church is the people of God

pre vaticanII- hierarchical institution

vaticanII- pilgrim people of God share mission

hierarchical structure

pre vaticanII- laity participate mission of hierarchy

vaticanII- "lay apostolate" participates in the saving mission of the church

dialoguing with a person of a different faith

Christians outside of Catholic communion acknowledged as Christians "separated brethren"

they're included in the mystery of salvation but don't possess its "fullness"

scripture and tradition derive authority from divine revelation

magisterium interprets the Word of God

concern for new translations

religious liberty