hypothetical internal state of tension that motivates organisms to engage in activities to reduce tension

internal states push people

motivation is the result of evolution

motive solved adaptive problems

natural selection favored behaviors that maximized reproductive succes

stomach growling associated wiht hunger

people with out stomach still feel hunger

lesioning in dif. areas can result in constant eating or none at all

responds to hunger and satiety signals

hormone associated wth hunger

levels spike before meals

injections causes increase in caloric intake

hormone associated with satiety

injection results in smaller meals

taste aversion at high levels

associated with Satiety

secreted by fat cells

provides hypothalamus infor about body fat

promary fuel for body

decreased levels= hunger

increased= statiety

levels of gluscose in brain fairly steady

hormone secreted by pancreas

necessary for glucose to enter cells

involved in storage of energy

high level = hunger

inadequate levels casues diabetes

amount of time energy, survival risks, and forgone oppurtunities invested to produce offspring

larger investment for females then males in most species

more of a continuum then black and white

few studies find hormonal differences

fraternal birth order effect

cognitive- subjective conscious experience

physiological- bodily arousal

behavioral-characteristic over expressions

intense internal feeling

automatic reactions

characterized as pleasant or unpleasant

may be automatic or subconscious

mixed emotions

most research studies negative emotions

most apparent for emotions such as fear and anger

autonomic nervous system: increased heart rate, blood pressure, respiration,

release of adrenal hormones

method of interogation

autonomic index of emotion to infer truthfulness of subjects response

measures heart rate, bloodpressure, resp.

increased activity when threatening stimuli perceived

triggers activity in hypothalamus which causes auonomic and hormonal responses

stim: signs of fear, chronic stim. leads to stress induced disease

damage: no conditioned fear

few stimuli naturally produce fear, in response to previously neutral stimulus ex. baby albert

responses: freezing, high bp, heart rate, and hormones

stimulation of hypothalamus can produce reactions similar to fear,

Lesions cause difficulties with conditioned emotional responces and recognizing facial expressions, esp. fear

facial expressions are easily recognized by others

peolpe in dif cultures make similar facial expressions

blind people make similar facial expressions to sighted people

muscle signals from face help recognize emotions

people with botox have difficulty recognizing emotions in self and others

1872- Darwin: emotional expression evolved from behaviors indicating what an animal is going to do next

if signals benefit animals they will remain

principle of antithesis

when threat is communicated, other may back down

evolutionary advantage

opposite displays for greatest level of effectiveness