focussing awareness on a narrowed rango of stimuli

multitasking usually leads to worse performance

deeper levels leads to longer lasting memory codes

stresses physical structure

shallowest level of encoding memories

what it sounds like

middle level of encoding memories

meaning

deepest level of memory

visual imagery

memory enhanced by forming semantic wiht visual codes

info in its origional snesory form for a fraction of a second

visual after images

remember for up to 20 seconds

repeated verbalizing about info

allows for longer storage

competing material

capacity is limited (new replaces old)

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

become less detailed and accurate with time

organized clusters of knowledge about particular events and objects

increased remembering inconsistent and consistent with schemas

concepts joined by pathways that link related concepts

spreading activation

mentally recreating a context

reading an article in a noisy vs. quiet enviorment

where you learn affects how you remember things

if you learn somehting in a classroom you will remember it better in that classroom

recall of a witnessed event is altered by information after the event

source monitoring

may be adaptive mechanism

Ebbinghaus found that people remember meaningful information better

time saved on 2nd relearning

saving score

lack of attention

phonemic vs. semantic encoding

competition from other material

more likely cause than decay

tip of the tongue phenomenon

encoding specific principle- cues similar to memory code are more helpful

repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in unconsious

Pro- abuse is more common than realized, believe victims

Con- independent with other issues that are highly suggestable, some repressed memories have been disproven, ability to plant false memories

subject who got his hippocampus and amygdala taken out for sever epileptic seizures

had sever anterograde amnesia, was not able to form new long term memories

repeat digits, add digit to end after every trial

H.M. performed worse than normal person

spatial Memory

9 blocks spread out and have to tap them in order repeatedly

H.M. performed worse than a normal person

invloved in memory consolidation

conversion from short to long

long term then stored in other areas of cortex

occurs during sleep

spatial memory

easily damaged by alzheimers and strokes

learning results in enhanced synaptic connections

increases in neural excitability at synapses along specific pathway

increases realease of neurotransmitters at specific neurotransmitters

specific memories may depend on localized neural circuits

pathway for conditioned eye blink

cerebellum

making new neurons

suppressed neurogenesis associated with memory impairment

increased neurogenesis associated with enhanced learning

classical conditioning

Tone

puff of air

H.M. retained conditioned response 2 years after

Mirror- Drawing Test- H.M. improved but couldnt remember doing it

Rotary Pursuit Tset- again no rememberance but improved

5 sets-  #1 (extremely fragmented) though #5 (complete picture)

H.M. could recognize picture faster after experience

Declarative/ Explicit

and

Nondeclarative/ Implicit

factual info

words, names, digits, dates, events, concepts, ideas, etc.

seems to require more consious awareness

more vulnerable to forgetting

medial temporal lobes

actions, skills, emotional memories

procedural info for motor skills

seems to require less consious awareness

less decay over time

cerebellum

Episodic Memory- chronological recollections of personal experiences, autobiography

Semantic Memory- general knowledge, encyclopedia

Retrospective Memory- remembering events from past or previously learned info

Prospective Memory- remmebering to perform actions in the future