Term
| Which antibiotics were the first available for systemic treatment of bacterial infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary use for sulfonamides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance are sulfonamides the structural analogs of? |
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Definition
| para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) |
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Term
| How do sulfonamides work? |
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Definition
| They inhibit synthesis of folic acid, which is a compound required by all cells to make DNA, RNA and protein. |
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Term
| Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is use of sulfonamides so limited? |
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Definition
1. There are now bactericidal antibiotics that are less toxic than sulfonomides
2. Development of sulfonomide resistance |
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Term
| Which sulfonamide is usually favored for use with urinary tract infections? Why? |
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Definition
sulfamethoxazole
It has good solubility in urine and achieves effective concentrations within the urinary tract. |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of sulfonamides? |
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Definition
Hypersensitivity reactions
blood dyscrasias and kernicterus in newborns
renal damage from crystalluria with older sulfonamides
Hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| Why shouldn't sulfonamides be administered to infants less than two months of age? |
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Definition
| Because of the risk of kernicterus, the deposition of bilirubin in the brain, which causes severe neurologic deficits and death. |
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Term
| Which drugs can sulfonamides intensify the effects of? |
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Definition
| warfarin, phenytoin and sulfonylurea-type oral hypoglycemics like glipizide and glyburide. |
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Term
| Which drugs can be cross-sensitive to sulfonamides? |
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Definition
| thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, sulfonylurea-type oral hypoglycemics |
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Term
| What are the two major categories of sulfonamides? |
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Definition
1. systemic sulfonamides
2. topical sulfonamides |
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Term
| NCLEX: Should patients with a demonstrated allergy to a sulfonamide ever take any other sulfonamide-type drug? |
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Definition
| No. This is not always true, but for NCLEX purposes, it is the correct answer |
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Term
| What are the two remaining groups of systemic sulfonamides? |
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Definition
1. short acting
2. intermediate acting |
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Term
| What is the only intermediate acting sulfonamide available? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Trimethoprim act against microbes? |
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Definition
| It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, the enzyme that converts dihydrofolic acid to its active form: tetrahydrofolic acid and thus suppresses bacterial synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of Trimethoprim? |
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Definition
| Hyperkalemia, megoblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia. Large doses have been shown to cause fetal malformations in animals, but have not been observed in humans. Nevertheless, it readily crosses the placenta and should be avoided during pregnancy and closely monitored in lactating women. |
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Term
| What are the trade names of Trimethosprim/Sulfamethoxazole combination preparations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which diseases are Bactrim and Septra most often used for? |
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Definition
| Urinary tract infection, otitis media, bronchitis, shigellosis, and pneumonia caused by P. jirovechi |
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