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| plastic-like layer of Earth on which the lithosphere plates float and move around on. |
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| Wegener's hypothesis that all continents were once connected in a single large landmass that broke apart about 200 million years ago and drifted slowly to their current positions. |
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| Cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking of Earth's mantle. |
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| Rigid layer of Earth about 100 km thick, made of the crust and a part of the upper mantle. |
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| Large, ancient landmass that was composed of all the continents joined together. |
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| A large section of Earth's oceanic or continental crust and rigid upper mantle that moves around on the asthenosphere. |
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| Theory that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle. |
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| Hess's theory that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge. |
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