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Hormone: Melatonin
Chemical class: Amine
Representative actions: Involved in biological rhythms (daily and seasonal)
Regulated by: Light/dark cycles |
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| Hormones released by the posterior pituitary; releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary. |
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| Pituitary Gland (Posterior lobe - releases hormones made by the hypothalamus) |
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Hormone: Oxytocin
Chemical class: Peptide
Representative actions: Stimulates contraction of uterus and the milk "let-down' reflex
Regulated by: Nervous system (hypothalamus) in response to uterine stretching and/or suckling of a baby. |
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| Gland: Pituitary Gland (Posterior lobe - releases hormones made by the hypothalamus) |
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Hormone: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Chemical class: Peptide
Representative actions: Promotes retention of water by kidneys
Regulated by: Hypothalamus in response to water/salt imbalance. |
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| Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) |
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Hormone: Growth Hormone (GH)
Chemical class: Protein
Representative actions: Stimulates growth (especially of bones and muscles) and metabolism
Regulated by: Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones |
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| Pituitary Gland (Anterior lobe) |
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Hormone: Prolactin (PRL)
Chemical class: Protein
Representative actions: Stimulates milk production Regulated by: Hypothalamic hormones |
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| Pituitary Gland (Anterior lobe) |
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Definition
Hormone: Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Chemical class: Protein
Representative actions: Stimulates ovaries and testes
Regulated by: Hypothalamic hormones |
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| Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) |
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Hormone: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Chemical class: Protein
Representative actions: Stimulates thyroid gland
Regulated by: Thyroxine in blood; hypothalamic hormones |
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| Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe) |
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Definition
Hormone: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Chemical class: Protein
Representative actions: Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Regulated by: Glucocorticoids; hypothalamic hormones |
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Hormone: Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Chemical class: Amine
Representative actions: Stimulates metabolism
Regulated by: TSH |
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Hormone: Calcitonin
Chemical class: Peptide
Representative actions: Reduces blood calcium level
Regulated by:Calcium level in blood |
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Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Chemical class: Peptide
Representative actions: Raises blood calcium level
Regulated by: Calcium level in blood |
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Hormone: Thymosin
Chemical class: Peptide
Representative actions: "Programs" T lymphocytes
Regulated by: Not known |
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| Adrenal glands: Adrenal Medulla |
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Hormone: Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Chemical class: Amines
Representative actions: Raise blood glucose level; increase rate of metabolism; constrict certain blood vessels
Regulated by: Nervous system (sympathetic division) |
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| Adrenal glands: Adrenal cortex |
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Hormone1: Glucocorticoids
Chemical class1: Steroids
Representative actions1: Increase blood glucose
Regulated by1: ACTH
Hormone2: Mineralocorticoids
Chemical class2: Steroids
Representative actions2: Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys
Regulated by2: Changes in blood volume or blood presure; K+ (potassium) or Na+ levels in blood |
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Hormone1: Insulin
Chemical class1: Protein
Representative actions1: Reduces blood glucose
Regulated by1: Glucose level in blood
Hormone2: Glucagon
Chemical class2: Protien
Representative actions2: Raises blood glucose
Regulated by2: Glucose level in blood
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Hormone1: Androgens
Chemical class1: Steroids
Representative actions1: Support sperm formation; development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
Regulated by1: FSH and LH
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Definition
Hormone1: Estrogens
Chemical class1: Steroids
Representative actions1: Stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
Regulated by1: FSH and LH
Hormone2: Progesterone
Chemical class2: Steroids
Representative actions2: Promotes growth of uterine lining
Regulated by2: FSH and LH
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| The Endocrine System and Hormone Function - An Overview |
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1. The endocrine system is a major controlling system of the body. Through hormones, it stimulates such long-term processes as growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and body defense.
2. Endocrine organs are small and widely separated in the body. Some are part of mixed glands (both endocrine and exocrine in function). Others are purely hormone producing.
3. Nearly all hormones are amino acid based or steroids.
4. Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones into the blood by hormonal, humoral, or neural stimuli. Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels in the blood.
5. Bloodborne hormones alter the metabolic activities of their target organs. The ability of a target organ to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of receptors in or on its cells to which the hormone binds or attaches
6. Amino acid-based hormones act through second messengers. Steroid hormones directly influence the target cells DNA. |
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