Term
photosynthesis
(occurs in chloroplasts)
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Definition
organisms use the energy of light to build high energy organic molecules
plants alge and some bacteria
can make their own food using light
called photosynthetic autotrophs
light energy is transformed to chemical bond energy in the form of ATP |
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Term
| during light capturing events, lights energy is captured by chlorophyll and other pigments resulting in |
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Definition
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Term
| the energy of these excited electrons is used during the light depedent reactions to diassociate water molecules |
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Definition
| into hydrogen and oxygen and the oxygen is realeased |
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Term
| also during the light dependent reactions ATP is produced and NADP picks up hydrogen |
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Definition
| released from water to form NADPH |
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Term
| during the light independent reactions ATP and NADPH are used to help combine carbon dixoide w/ a |
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Definition
| 5 carbon molecule so ultimately organic molecules such as glucose are produced |
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Term
chlorophyll
(the main photosynthetic pigment) |
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Definition
the green pigment located in the chloroplast of plant cells associated w/ trappin light energy
reflect green light
two forms; a and b
absorb in the blue and red portions of the spectrum
reflect green wavelengths |
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Term
a and b chlorophyll
(two most common type of chlorophyll) |
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Definition
both absorb strongly in the red and blue portions of the electromagnetic spectrum although in slightly different portions of the spectrum
this excites the electrons to grabs sunlight |
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Term
accessory pigments
(carotenoids) |
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Definition
| photosynthetic pigments other than the chlorophylls enable an organism to use more colors of the visible light spectrum for photosynthesis(red) phycoyanin (blue) |
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Term
photosystems
photons of light energy -> excited electrons from chlrophyll |
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Definition
structures in which light capturing events takes place
found in thykaloid membranes
made up of antenna complexes and a reaction center
network of chlorophyll and accessory pigments
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Term
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Definition
energy converting membranes sac like organelles in plant cells containing green pigment chlorophyll
have two distinct regions w/in them granan and stroma
needed for photosynthesis
contains chlorophyll |
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Definition
| thin flat disk found in the chloroplast of plant cells that is the site of the light capturing events and dependent reactions of phtosynthesis |
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Definition
areas of the chloroplast membrane where chlorophyll molecules are concentrated
stacks of membrane sacs containing chlorophyll |
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Definition
the region w/ in the chloroplast that has no chlorophyll
(spaces between the membranes) |
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Term
light energy+ carbon dioxide+ water-> glucose and oxygen
Photosynthesis has three steps |
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Definition
1. light caturing stage
2. light dependent reactions
3. light indenpendent stage |
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Term
light caturing stage
(light reaction)
electrons get excited and grabs the suns energy |
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Definition
Pgments (chlorophyll a, b & carotenoids) absorb sunlight energy to excit electrons
A cluster of such pigments is known as a photosystem |
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Term
light depedent stage
(light reactions) |
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Definition
excited electrons split water into H+ and O+
Excited electrons phosphorylate ADP into ATP
takes place in the thylakoids
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Term
light indenpendent stage
(dark reaction)
takes place in the stroma (chloroplast) |
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Definition
ATP and NAPH provide energy to build larger molecules from co2
co2 added to a 5carbon starter molecule ribose to make 6carbon molecule
RubisCo (ribulose biphosphate carboxylase) speeds this up
the 6carbon molecule is immediately split in two 3carbon molecules: PGAL
(phosphorglyceraldehyde)
PGAL enters the calvin cycle
PGAL can be used to make :
more ribulose
Glucose:carbohydrates:starch
Lipids
Proteins (when Nitrogen added)
Energy (if broken down) |
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Term
calvin cycle-carbon fixation
(carbon dioxide is said to undergo carbon fixation through the calvin cycle) |
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Definition
a cyclic sequence of reactions that make up the light independent reactions stage in photosynthesis.
makes proteins, glucose, starches and lipids. plants make food for us in this step. building things up (anabolism) |
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Term
| what is the interelationship between autotrophs and hetero trophs |
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Definition
autotrophs are able to capture energy to manufacture new organic molecules from inorganic molecules
heterotrophs eat autotrophs. must have organic molecules as its starting points.
all organisms must do some form of respirationwhat are |
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Definition
| two atoms w/ the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons |
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Term
| more neutrons than protons makes |
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Definition
an isotope unstable
c12 stable c14 unstable
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Term
what are unstable isotopes used for |
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Definition
| xrays, carbon dating, and radiation therapy |
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Term
| all channels that allow water through is |
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Definition
made of proteins
anything w/ a charge need a channel to go through the gate |
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Term
| which enzyme is responsible for creating ATP molecule in ETS |
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Definition
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Term
| smooth er makes and breaks lipids just as the liver |
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Definition
| the liver packages w/ smooth ER |
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Term
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Definition
hydrolase
lipase
amilase
maltase
proteinase
demanase
catalase
peptitase
deaminase
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Term
| enzymes that put together |
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Definition
amylase
dehydration synthase
anabolaze
polymerase |
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Term
| enzymes only function properly when they |
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Definition
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Definition
| is a protein the smallest piece of a protein is an amino acid |
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Term
| what do we call an amino group and a carbohydrate together |
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Definition
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| what kind of proteins that can get denatured can kill you |
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Definition
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Term
[H+] 8 to 5 [OH-]
weak base weak acid |
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Definition
| each # you jump is 10x changing the concentration of h's. the lower the # the more #'s you have |
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Term
what makes acids and bases strong or weak?
base end in OH
exceptions: NH3 HCO |
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Definition
| how fast they disassociate |
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Term
| during what step of cellular respiration do we make lactic acid |
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Definition
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Term
phtosynthesis
cellular respiration |
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Definition
make glucose
using glucose |
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Term
| what molecules makes sure everything is at the right place @ the right time |
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Definition
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| cheek cells are classified as |
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Definition
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Definition
| 4 times lens sees a much wider field of view. larger lens has a very narrow field of view |
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Term
| want to use the smallest objective lens 1st because |
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Definition
you have the largest fild of view. look into a microscope
e will be upsidedown and backwards |
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| when you put a slide under the microscope what is the 1st two correct procedures to see the image |
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Definition
use 4x magnification
use the course focus |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar and phosphate (ribose) with a nitrogenous base |
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Term
| four kinds of nitrogenous bases. will have a defect if the bases are in the wrong places |
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Definition
adenine, thyamine, siteousine guanine
A
::
T
C
:::
G |
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Term
| the are 46 chromosomes in all the cells in the body |
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Definition
| they tell cells what to do. blueprint for body |
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Definition
| ribosomes. located on rough ER and Freely floating |
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| word made up of 3 bases, triplet |
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| word written in a language with 3 letters called codon |
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Definition
word written in a language with 3 letters called anticodon
(transfes amino acids)
every tRNA with a specific code picks up a specific amino acid. |
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Definition
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| keeps a blueprint of what yo uare. tells the cells what to do. |
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takes place in the nuclous
(tells cells to make proteins so it can what it does)
1st step transcription
2nd step translation |
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Term
step 1 of protein synthesis
transcription |
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Definition
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Term
step 2 of protein synthesis
translation |
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Definition
| Mrna lands on ribose w/ the help of tRNA. tRNA helps bring ribosome in amino acids |
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