Term
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Definition
§Cushion-like pad composed of two parts
§Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus |
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Term
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Definition
§– two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
are thin and remarkably strong for their weight |
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Term
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Definition
§Forms the anterior portion of the cranium
§Articulates posteriorly with the parietal bones via the coronal suture
§Major markings include the supraorbital margins, the anterior cranial fossa, and the frontal sinuses (internal and lateral to the glabella)
glabella, frontonasal suture, supraorbital foramen, supraorbital margin |
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Term
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Definition
§Coronal suture – articulation between parietal bones and frontal bone anteriorly
§Sagittal suture – where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
§Lambdoid suture – where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
§Squamosal or squamous suture – where parietal and temporal bones meet |
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Term
| Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings |
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Definition
§Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and base
§Major markings include the posterior cranial fossa, foramen magnum, occipital condyles, and the hypoglossal canal, lambdoidal suture |
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Term
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Definition
§Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull and parts of the cranial floor
§Divided into four major regions – squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
§Major markings include the zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes, and the mandibular and middle cranial fossae
§Major openings include the stylomastoid and jugular foramina, the external and internal auditory meatuses, and the carotid canal |
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Term
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Definition
§Butterfly-shaped bone that spans the width of the middle cranial fossa
§Forms the central wedge that articulates with all other cranial bones
§Consists of a central body, greater wings, lesser wings, and pterygoid processes
§Major markings: the sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, and the pterygoid processes
§Major openings include the foramina rotundum, ovale, and spinosum; the optic canals; and the superior orbital fissure
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Term
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Definition
§Most deep of the skull bones; lies between the sphenoid and nasal bones
§Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits
§Major markings include the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae, and the ethmoid sinuses |
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Term
| Mandible and Its Markings |
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Definition
§) is the largest, strongest bone of the face
§Its major markings include the coronoid process, mandibular condyle, the alveolar margin, and the mandibular and mental foramina |
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Term
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Definition
§Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton
§Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible
§Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
§Medially fused bones that make up the upper jaw and the central portion of the facial skeleton
§Facial keystone bones that articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible
§Their major markings include palatine, frontal, and zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins, inferior orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| thin medially fused bones that form the bridge of the nose |
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Term
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Definition
| – contribute to the medial walls of the orbit and contain a deep groove called the lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac |
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Term
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Definition
| two bone plates that form portions of the hard palate, the posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity, and a small part of the orbits |
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Term
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Definition
| plow-shaped bone that forms part of the nasal septum |
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Term
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Definition
§– paired, curved bones in the nasal cavity that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
§Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage
§Roof – formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
§Lateral walls – formed by the superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid, the perpendicular plate of the palatine, and the inferior nasal conchae
§Floor – formed by palatine process of the maxillae and palatine bone |
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Term
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Definition
§Not actually part of the skull, but lies just inferior to the mandible in the anterior neck
§Only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone
§Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing
and speech |
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Term
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Definition
§Formed from 26 irregular bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way that a flexible curved structure results
§Cervical vertebrae – 7 bones of the neck
§Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones of the torso
§Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones of the lower back
§Sacrum – bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae that articulates with the hip bones |
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Term
| Vertebral Column: Curvatures |
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Definition
§Posteriorly concave curvatures – cervical and lumbar
§Posteriorly convex curvatures – thoracic and sacral
§Abnormal spine curvatures include scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve), kyphosis (hunchback), and lordosis (swayback) |
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Term
| General Structure of Vertebrae |
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Definition
§Body or centrum – disc-shaped, weight-bearing region
§Vertebral arch – composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with the centrum, enclose the vertebral foramen
§Vertebral foramina – make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes |
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Term
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Definition
§Seven vertebrae (C1-C7) are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
§C3-C7 are distinguished with an oval body, short spinous processes, and large, triangular vertebral foramina
§Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen |
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Term
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Definition
§There are twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) all of which articulate with ribs
§Major markings include two facets and two demifacets on the heart-shaped body, the circular vertebral foramen, transverse processes, and a long spinous process
§The location of the articulate facets prevents flexion and extension, but allows rotation of this area of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
§The five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) are located in the small of the back and have an enhanced weight-bearing function
§They have short, thick pedicles and laminae, flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes, and a triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
§Orientation of articular facets locks the lumbar vertebrae together to provide stability |
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Term
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Definition
§Consists of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5), which shape the posterior wall of the pelvis
§It articulates with L5 superiorly, and with the auricular surfaces of the hip bones
§Major markings include the sacral promontory, transverse lines, alae, dorsal sacral foramina, sacral canal, and sacral hiatus |
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Term
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Definition
made up of four (in some cases three to five) fused vertebrae that articulate superiorly with the sacrum |
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Term
| Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) |
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Definition
§is composed of the thoracic vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
§Functions
§Forms a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
§Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
§Provides attachment for many neck, back, chest, and shoulder muscles
§Uses intercostal muscles to lift and depress the thorax during breathing
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Term
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Definition
§A dagger-shaped, flat bone that lies in the anterior midline of the thorax
§Results from the fusion of three bones – the superior manubrium, the body, and the inferior xiphoid process
§Anatomical landmarks include the jugular (suprasternal) notch, the sternal angle, and the xiphisternal joint |
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Term
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Definition
§There are twelve pair forming the flaring sides of the thoracic cage
§ attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
§The superior 7 pair (true, or vertebrosternal) attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilages
§ 8-10 (false, or vertebrocondral ) attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage
§Ribs 11-12 (floating, or vertebral ribs) have no anterior attachment |
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Term
| Structure of a Typical True Rib |
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Definition
§Bowed, flat bone consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, and shaft |
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Term
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Definition
| Slender, doubly curved long bones lying across the superior thorax The acromial (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum Provide attachment points for numerous muscles, and act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally away from the body |
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Term
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Definition
consists of the arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand (manus)
§Thirty-seven bones form the skeletal framework of each
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Term
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Definition
§The humerus is the sole bone of the arm
§It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder, and the radius and ulna at the elbow
§Major markings
§Proximal humerus includes the head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, and the intertubercular groove
§Distal humerus includes the capitulum, trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, and the coronoid and olecranon fossae
§Medial portion includes the radial groove and the deltoid process
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Term
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Definition
§The bones of the________ are the radius and ulna
§They articulate proximally with the humerus and distally with the wrist bones
§They also articulate with each other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints
§Interosseous membrane connects the two bones along their entire length |
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Term
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Definition
lies medially in the forearm and is slightly longer than the radius
§Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus
§Its major markings include the olecranon, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, and the styloid process |
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Term
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Definition
§lies opposite (lateral to) the ulna and is thin at its proximal end, widened distally
§The superior surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
§Medially, the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna
§Major markings include the radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process |
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Term
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Definition
| contains wrist bones (carpals), bones of the palm (metacarpals), and bones of the fingers (phalanges) |
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Term
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Definition
§Consists of eight bones
§Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform proximally
§Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate distally |
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Term
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Definition
§bones radiate from the wrist to form the palm
§Their bases articulate with the carpals proximally, and with each other medially and laterally
§Heads articulate with the phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
§Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones
§ are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb (pollex)
§Each (except the thumb) has three – distal, middle, and proximal
§The thumb has no middle phalanx |
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Term
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Definition
§Tilted forward, adapted for childbearing
§True pelvis defines birth canal
§Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity
acetabula: small; farther apart
sacum: wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated
coccyx: more movable; straighter |
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Term
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Definition
§Tilted less forward
§Adapted for support of heavier male build and stronger muscles
§Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
bone thickness: great, bone heavier and thicker, and markings are more prominant
acetabulum: larger closer
pubic arch: more acute
sacrum: narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral
coccyx: less movable; curves ventrally |
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Term
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Definition
§formed by a pair of hip bones (os coxae, or coxal)
§Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
§Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with the strongest ligaments of the body
§Transmits weight of the upper body to the lower limbs
§Supports the visceral organs of the ______ |
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Term
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Definition
§a large flaring bone that forms the superior region of the coxal bone
§It consists of a body and a superior winglike portion called the ala
§The broad posterolateral surface is called the gluteal surface
§The auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
§Major markings include the iliac crests, four spines, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, arcuate line, and the pelvic brim
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Term
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Definition
§forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone
§The thick body articulates with the ilium, and the thinner ramus articulates with the pubis
§Major markings include the ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, and the ischial tuberosity |
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Term
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Definition
§forms the anterior portion of the hip bone
§It articulates with the ischium and the ilium
§Major markings include superior and inferior rami, the pubic crest, pubic tubercle, pubic arch, pubic symphysis, and obturator foramen (along with ilium and ischium) |
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Term
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Definition
§the thigh, leg, and foot
§They carry the weight of the erect body, and are subjected to exceptional forces when one jumps or runs |
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Term
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Definition
the largest and strongest bone in the body
§It articulates proximally with the hip and distally with the tibia and fibula
§Major markings include the head, fovea capitis, greater and lesser trochanters, gluteal tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles and epicondyles, linea aspera, patellar surface, and the intercondylar notch |
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Term
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Definition
§The tibia and fibula form the skeleton of the leg
§They are connected to each other by the interosseous membrane
§They articulate with the femur proximally and with the ankle bones distally
§They also articulate with each other via the immovable tibiofibular joints |
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Term
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Definition
§Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot
§Major markings include medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, the tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, and fibular notch |
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Term
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Definition
§Sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends located laterally to the tibia
§Major markings include the head and lateral malleolus |
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Term
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Definition
§includes the tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges (toes)
§ supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running |
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Term
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Definition
§Composed of seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot
§Body weight is carried primarily on the talus and calcaneus
§Talus articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly, and the calcaneus inferiorly
§Other tarsus bones include the cuboid and navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms |
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Term
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Definition
§Forms the heel of the foot
§Carries the talus on its superior surface
§Point of attachment for the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon of the calf muscles |
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Term
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Definition
§The foot has three ______ maintained by interlocking foot bones and strong ligaments
§________ allow the foot to hold up weight
§The ________ are:
§Lateral longitudinal – cuboid is keystone of this ______
§Medial longitudinal – talus is keystone of this arch
§Transverse – runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other |
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Term
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Definition
§Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones
§The four _________ are anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid |
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